1. Joinder of Parties Permissive Joinder

2. What Question Does Rule 20 Answer P1 D1 Can I add P2-3 (or D2-3) if I want to? P2 P3 D2 D3 Can I stop P1 from adding them?

3. P1 D1 Do I have to add P2-3 (or D2-3) even if I do not want to? P2 P3 D2 D3 Can I force P1 to either add them or dismiss the case? What Question Does Rule 19 Answer

4. R 20 R 19

5. Permissive Joinder

6. Verbal Standard for Permissive Joinder Under Rule 20 Claims (by or against) the joined parties Arise out of the same Transaction, or Occurrence, or Series of Ts or O’s, and Share a common question of Fact or Law

7. Comparing Kedra & Insolia

8. ABCDEF Various Kedra Family Members 12/29 75 12/22 75 6/76 2/77 Is the verbal test satisfied? Why might E & F not want to be in the same suit with A-D? Why might Kedra’s want them all in the same suit? What factors should be crucial for an impartial court?

9. 1934-74 1953-95 Tobacco Companies (Tobacco Institute Formed 1958) Is the verbal test satisfied? Why do the P’s want joinder? Why do the D’s oppose joinder? Does it make sense to hear the cases together? Why?