1. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Chapter 6A Online Appendix International Transfers of Income and the Terms of Trade Chapter 6B Online Appendix Representing International Equilibrium with Offer Curves

2. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-2 Preview International Transfers of Income and the Terms of Trade (Online Appendix A) Representing International Equilibrium with Offer Curves (Online Appendix B)

3. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-3 International Transfers of Income and the Terms of Trade Transfers of income sometimes occur from one country to another. –War reparations or foreign aid may influence demand for traded goods and therefore relative demand. –International loans may also influence relative demand in the short run, before the loan is paid back. How do transfers of income across countries affect relative demand and the terms of trade?

4. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-4 International Transfers of Income and the Terms of Trade (cont.) –If the domestic country generates national income for transfers by increasing the price of imports to reduce their purchases and by decreasing the price of exports to increase their sales, –then the terms of trade would fall and the demand for cloth relative to food would decrease (represented by shifting the relative demand curve left).

5. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-5 Fig. 6A-1: Effects of a Transfer on the Terms of Trade

6. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-6 International Transfers of Income and the Terms of Trade (cont.) But after the transfer of income from the domestic country, –demand for foreign goods could fall in the domestic country and demand for domestic goods could rise in the foreign country, –so the relative demand might not decrease and the terms of trade might not fall.

7. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-7 International Transfers of Income and the Terms of Trade (cont.) How much does demand for domestic goods increase in the foreign country when it receives a transfer of income from the domestic country? –If the foreign country has a higher marginal propensity to spend on its own goods rather than on imports, demand for its own goods will rise more than demand for imports from the domestic country.

8. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-8 International Transfers of Income and the Terms of Trade (cont.) How much does demand for foreign goods decrease in the domestic country when it reduces its income through a transfer? –If the domestic country has a higher marginal propensity to spend on its own goods than on imports, demand for its own goods will fall more than demand for imports from the foreign country. If each country has a higher marginal propensity to spend on its own products, relative demand would decrease after a transfer of income from the domestic country.

9. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-9 International Transfers of Income and the Terms of Trade (cont.) In fact, countries spend most of their (marginal) income on their own products. –Americans spend only 11% of national income on imports and 89% on domestically produced goods. Transportation costs, tariffs, other barriers, and preferences cause domestic residents to favor domestic goods. We predict that the relative demand will decrease with a transfer of income, decreasing the terms of trade for the donor nation.

10. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-10 International Transfers of Income and the Terms of Trade (cont.) In addition, production of nontraded goods and services may change, affecting the relative supply of traded goods and reinforcing the change in the terms of trade. –Industries that produce non-traded goods and services compete for resources with industries that produce traded goods. –A transfer of income from a donor country will reduce demand and production of non-traded goods in the donor country, so that these resources can be used in its export sector.

11. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-11 International Transfers of Income and the Terms of Trade (cont.) –The supply of exports relative to imports in the donor country increases, reducing the terms of trade for the donor country. –A transfer of income from a donor country will increase demand for and production of non- traded goods in the foreign country, so that fewer resources can be used in its export sector. –The supply of exports relative to imports in the foreign country decreases, reducing the terms of trade for the donor country.

12. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-12 Representing International Equilibrium with Offer Curves On the horizontal axis Figure 6B-1 shows Home’s exports of cloth, on the vertical axis Home’s imports of food. The slope of the line from the origin of Figure 6B-1 to T is equal to P C / P F. At that price, Home residents are willing to trade Q C – D C units of cloth for D F – Q F units of food. Calculating Home’s offer at different relative prices traces out Home’s offer curve (Figure 6B- 2).

13. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-13 Fig. 6B-1: Home’s Desired Trade at a Given Relative Price

14. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-14 Fig. 6B-2: Home’s Offer Curve

15. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-15 Representing International Equilibrium with Offer Curves (cont.) Foreign’s offer curve (Figure 6B-3) is traced out in the same way. On the vertical axis Figure 6B-3 shows Foreign’s desired exports of food Q F * – D F *, while the horizontal axis shows Foreign’s desired imports of cloth D C * – Q C *. The lower the relative price of cloth P C / P F, the more food Foreign will want to export and the more cloth Foreign will want to import.

16. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-16 Fig. 6B-3: Foreign’s Offer Curve

17. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-17 Representing International Equilibrium with Offer Curves (cont.) In international equilibrium: –Home’s exports of cloth must match Foreign’s imports of cloth Q C – D C = D C * – Q C * –and Foreign’s exports of food must equal Home’s imports of food Q F * – D F * = D F – Q F

18. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-18 Representing International Equilibrium with Offer Curves (cont.) This is equivalent to requiring that the world supply of cloth equal the world demand for cloth and likewise for food: Q C + Q C * = D C + D C * Q F + Q F * = D F + D F * When you plot the Home and Foreign offer curves on the same diagram (Figure 6B- 4), equilibrium occurs at the point where the Home and Foreign offer curves cross.

19. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-19 Representing International Equilibrium with Offer Curves (cont.) At the equilibrium point E, the relative price of cloth is equal to the slope of OE. Home’s exports of cloth, which equal Foreign’s imports, are OX. Foreign’s exports of food, which equal Home’s imports, are OY. This is a general equilibrium, in which supply and demand are equalized in both markets at the same time.

20. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-20 Fig. 6B-4: Offer Curve Equilibrium

21. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-21 Summary 1.The effect of international transfers of income depend on the marginal propensity to spend on domestic goods. Generally such transfers cause a decrease in the donor’s terms of trade due to decreasing the relative demand for the donor’s exports. 2.Offer curves show what level of exports a country is willing to trade for each level of imports from another country, and they provide another way to depict equilibrium.