2. I V I V

3. The inferior olivary nucleus is the only source of cerebellar climbing fibers

4. The Inferior Olive nucleus

5. Olivary neurons (Ramon Y Cajal)

6. Intracellular labeling of olivary neuron HRP filled olivary neuron

7. Action potential in olivary neuron

8. Action potentials in olivary neuron

9. The effect of TTX on action potentials in olivary neuron

10. The effect of Mn 2+ and Cd 2+ on action potentials in olivary neuron

11. -68 mV -60 mV -55 mV Two types of action potentials in olivary neuron 20 msec 1 nA 15 mV -60 mV

12. The Na + and Ca 2+ components of the two types of action potentials

13. TTX Independent activation of the action potentials

14. Refractory period of the action potentials

15. 10 mV Refractory period of the action potentials

16. The Inactivation curve of the low threshold action potential

17. Possible mechanism of rhythmic activity Ionic currents in Olivary neurons: Na current – typical H&H current Dendritic Ca current – high threshold non-inactivating Ca dependent, K current Somatic Ca current – low threshold inactivating

18. Possible mechanism of rhythmic activity

19. Cell 1Cell 2 Cell 1 Cell 2 10 mV5 200 ms 10 mV 20 mV Cell 1 Cell 2 5 mV 200 ms Cell 1 Cell 2 2 mV 100 ms 20 mV Electrical coupling between olivary neuron

20. Dye coupling between olivary neuron

21. The olivary glumerulus

22. Olivary Gap junction