1. Grouping objects Collections and iterators

2. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects2 Main concepts to be covered Collections Loops Iterators Arrays

3. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects3 The requirement to group objects Many applications involve collections of objects: Personal organizers. Library catalogs. Student-record system. The number of items to be stored varies. Items added. Items deleted.

4. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects4 A personal notebook Notes may be stored. Individual notes can be viewed. There is no limit to the number of notes. It will tell you how many notes are stored.

5. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects5 A personal notebook

6. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects6 Class Libraries Learning to program is to learn how to reuse code written by other. There is no point in reinventing the wheel. Java comes with a library of useful classes, which are referred to as the Java API They are organized in packages that follow a directory structure

7. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects7 Class Libraries

8. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects8 Class libraries You can access the classes from your code, using the import statement import java.util.Vector; import java.util.*; Grouping objects is a recurring requirement. The java.util package contains classes for doing this. We will use ArrayList as a first example

9. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects9 Class Libraries

10. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects10 import java.util.ArrayList; /** *... */ public class Notebook { // Storage for an arbitrary number of notes. private ArrayList notes; /** * Perform any initialization required for the * notebook. */ public Notebook() { notes = new ArrayList(); }... }

11. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects11 Object structures with collections

12. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects12 Adding a third note

13. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects13 Features of the collection It increases its capacity as necessary. It keeps a private count ( size() accessor). It keeps the objects in order. Details of how all this is done are hidden. Does that matter? Does not knowing how prevent us from using it?

14. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects14 Using the collection public class Notebook { private ArrayList notes;... public void storeNote(String note) { notes.add(note); } public int numberOfNotes() { return notes.size(); }... } Adding a new note Returning the number of notes (delegation).

15. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects15 Index numbering

16. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects16 Retrieving an object Index validity checks Retrieve and print the note public void showNote(int noteNumber) { if(noteNumber < 0) { // This is not a valid note number. } else if(noteNumber < numberOfNotes()) { System.out.println(notes.get(noteNumber)); } else { // This is not a valid note number. }

17. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects17 Removing an item public void removeNote(int noteNumber) { if(noteNumber < 0) { // This is not a valid note number, so do nothing. } else if(noteNumber < numberOfNotes()) { // This is a valid note number. notes.remove(noteNumber); } else { // This is not a valid note number, so do nothing. }

18. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects18 Removal may affect numbering

19. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects19 Review Collections allow an arbitrary number of objects to be stored. Class libraries usually contain tried-and- tested collection classes. Java’s class libraries are called packages. We have used the ArrayList class from the java.util package.

20. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects20 Review Items may be added and removed. Each item has an index. Index values may change if items are removed (or further items added). The main ArrayList methods are add, get, remove and size.

21. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects21 Iteration We often want to perform some actions an arbitrary number of times. E.g., print all the notes in the notebook. How many are there? Most programming languages include loop statements to make this possible. Java has three sorts of loop statements. We will focus on its while loop to begin with.

22. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects22 While loop pseudo code while(loop condition) { loop body } while(there is at least one more note to be printed) { show the next note } Boolean test while keyword Statements to be repeated Pseudo-code example to print every note General form of a while loop

23. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects23 A Java example /** * List all notes in the notebook. */ public void listNotes() { int index = 0; while(index < notes.size()) { System.out.println(notes.get(index)); index++; } Increment by one

24. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects24 Increments i++ : the value of i is used first before it is being incremented with one a = 5; b = a++; a == 6; b == 5; ++i: increments i with one, the new value of i is then used. a = 5; b = ++a; a == 6; b == 6;

25. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects25 Iterating over a collection Iterator it = myCollection.iterator(); while(it.hasNext()) { call it.next() to get the next object do something with that object } java.util.Iterator Returns an Iterator object public void listNotes() { Iterator it = notes.iterator(); while(it.hasNext()) { System.out.println(it.next()); }

26. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects26 Iterators An iterator is an object that provides functionality to iterate over all elements of a collection or container class java.util.Iterator two main methods: hasNext() to check if the Iterator has more elements and next() to take the next object from the Iterator. You can access an iterator for all java collections. Not all collections can be accessed using indexes.

27. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects27 The auction project The auction project provides further illustration of collections and iteration. Two further points to follow up: The null value. Casting. Used to store the result of get into a variable: String message = (String) notes.get(0);

28. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects28 The auction project

29. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects29 The Lot Class public void bidFor(Person bidder, long value) { if((highestBid == null) || (highestBid.getValue() < value)) { // This bid is the best so far. setHighestBid(new Bid(bidder, value)); } else { System.out.println("Lot number: " + getNumber() + " (" + getDescription() + ")" + " already has a bid of: " + highestBid.getValue()); }

30. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects30 The null Keyword highestBid == null; The Java keyword null is used to mean ‘no object’ when a variable is not currently holding a reference to a particular object. setHighestBid(new Bid(bidder, value)); two things are done here: we create a new object Bid we pass this new object immediately to the method

31. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects31 The Auction Class public void showLots() { Iterator it = lots.iterator(); while(it.hasNext()) { Lot lot = (Lot) it.next(); System.out.println(lot.getNumber() + ": " + lot.getDescription()); // Include any details of a highest bid. Bid highestBid = lot.getHighestBid(); if(highestBid != null) { System.out.println(" Bid: " + highestBid.getValue()); } else { System.out.println(" (No bid)"); }

32. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects32 Type Casting Lot lot = (Lot) it.next(); the return value of the Iterator method next() is an object of type Object. To store this in an object of type Lot we need to explicitly convert it that type. This is called Casting This can only been done if the objects we have added to the container were originally of type Lot.

33. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects33 Type Casting Collections in Java allow for the storage of any type of objects. In order to do so it transforms everything you add into an object of type Object. When retrieving objects from a collection we normally cast them back into their original types.

34. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects34 Wrapper Classes Container classes in Java can only contain objects. Primitive types can therefore not be added. To solve this, Java provides wrapper classes: Integer, Float, Double Integer a = new Integer(10); int b = a.intValue();

35. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects35 Fixed-size collections Sometimes the maximum collection size can be pre-determined. Programming languages usually offer a special fixed-size collection type: an array. Java arrays can store objects or primitive- type values. Arrays use a special syntax.

36. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects36 The weblog-analyzer project Web server records details of each access. Supports webmaster’s tasks. Most popular pages. Busiest periods. How much data is being delivered. Broken references. Analyze accesses by hour.

37. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects37 The weblog-analyzer project

38. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects38 Creating an array object public class LogAnalyzer { private int[] hourCounts; private LogfileReader reader; public LogAnalyzer() { hourCounts = new int[24]; reader = new LogfileReader(); }... } Array object creation Array variable declaration

39. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects39 The hourCounts array

40. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects40 Using an array Square-bracket notation is used to access an array element: hourCounts[...] The number of elements of an array can be obtained via: hourCounts.length Elements are used like ordinary variables. On the left of an assignment: hourCounts[hour] =...; In an expression: adjusted = hourCounts[hour] – 3; hourCounts[hour]++; Arrays are passed by reference while their elements are passed by value.

41. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects41 The for loop Similar to a while loop. Often used to iterate a fixed number of times. Often used to iterate over an array.

42. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects42 For loop pseudo-code for(initialization; condition; post-body action) { statements to be repeated } General form of a for loop Equivalent in while-loop form initialization; while(condition) { statements to be repeated post-body action }

43. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects43 A Java example for(int hour = 0; hour < hourCounts.length; hour++) { System.out.println(hour + ": " + hourCounts[hour]); } int hour = 0; while(hour < hourCounts.length) { System.out.println(hour + ": " + hourCounts[hour]); hour++; } for loop version while loop version

44. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects44 Review Arrays are appropriate where a fixed-size collection is required. Arrays use special syntax. For loops offer an alternative to while loops when the number of repetitions is known. For loops are often used to iterate over arrays.

45. 04/11/2004Lecture 4: Grouping Objects45 Concepts Java API packages import ArrayList Iterator type cast for while array a++ ++a null