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1 Author(s): Paul Conway, Ph.D., 2010 License: Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike 3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ We have reviewed this material in accordance with U.S. Copyright Law and have tried to maximize your ability to use, share, and adapt it. The citation key on the following slide provides information about how you may share and adapt this material. Copyright holders of content included in this material should contact open.michigan@umich.edu with any questions, corrections, or clarification regarding the use of content. For more information about how to cite these materials visit http://open.umich.edu/education/about/terms-of-use. Any medical information in this material is intended to inform and educate and is not a tool for self-diagnosis or a replacement for medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional. Please speak to your physician if you have questions about your medical condition. Viewer discretion is advised: Some medical content is graphic and may not be suitable for all viewers.

2 Citation Key for more information see: http://open.umich.edu/wiki/CitationPolicy Use + Share + Adapt Make Your Own Assessment Creative Commons – Attribution License Creative Commons – Attribution Share Alike License Creative Commons – Attribution Noncommercial License Creative Commons – Attribution Noncommercial Share Alike License GNU – Free Documentation License Creative Commons – Zero Waiver Public Domain – Ineligible: Works that are ineligible for copyright protection in the U.S. (17 USC § 102(b)) *laws in your jurisdiction may differ Public Domain – Expired: Works that are no longer protected due to an expired copyright term. Public Domain – Government: Works that are produced by the U.S. Government. (17 USC § 105) Public Domain – Self Dedicated: Works that a copyright holder has dedicated to the public domain. Fair Use: Use of works that is determined to be Fair consistent with the U.S. Copyright Act. (17 USC § 107) *laws in your jurisdiction may differ Our determination DOES NOT mean that all uses of this 3rd-party content are Fair Uses and we DO NOT guarantee that your use of the content is Fair. To use this content you should do your own independent analysis to determine whether or not your use will be Fair. { Content the copyright holder, author, or law permits you to use, share and adapt. } { Content Open.Michigan believes can be used, shared, and adapted because it is ineligible for copyright. } { Content Open.Michigan has used under a Fair Use determination. }

3 SI 640 DIGITAL LIBRARIES AND ARCHIVES 2010 Week 4: Content: Frameworks for “How Much?”

4 THEMES FOR THIS WEEK How much information? Varieties of content Content landscapes Uniqueness Dominance of digital. Ninety-three percent of the information produced each year is stored in digital form. How Much Information? (2003) Fall 2010 4 SI 640 Digital Libraries and Archives

5 HOW MUCH INFORMATION? OVERVIEW Multiple perspectives Where is information? What is information? Values assigned? By whom? 1. How much? 2. Varieties 3. Landscapes 4. Uniqueness Fall 2010 5 SI 640 Digital Libraries and Archives

6 HOW MUCH INFORMATION Scope of the studies Interesting findings Comparisons and contrasts Implications for the digital libraries Lyman and Varian + UCSD How Much Information 2003: http://www2.sims.berkeley.edu/research/projects/how-much-info-2003/ How Much Information 2009: http://hmi.ucsd.edu/howmuchinfo_research_report_consum.php 1. How much? 2. Varieties 3. Landscapes 4. Uniqueness Fall 2010 6 SI 640 Digital Libraries and Archives

7 “I should have had him put into a more manageable format years ago.” FORMS AND FORMATS 1. How much? 2. Varieties 3. Landscapes 4. Uniqueness Fall 2010 7 SI 640 Digital Libraries and Archives Please see original image at The Cartoon BankThe Cartoon Bank

8 FORMS AND FORMATS Format: information object container File format: the organization of data within digital objects, usually designed to facilitate storage, retrieval, processing, transmission InterPARES: “… the structure or layout of an entity. Discuss (image, text, multimedia) Lesk + Buckland 1. How much? 2. Varieties 3. Landscapes 4. Uniqueness Fall 2010 8 SI 640 Digital Libraries and Archives SAA Glossary of Archival Terminology http://www.archivists.org/glossary/index.asp [form and format proposed as synonyms]

9 FORMS AND FORMATS Form: Definitions Business applications (use specific) Diplomatics (components) InterPARES: “rules of representation that determine the appearance of n entity and convey its meaning” Information as Thing Levi + Duranti, Diplomatics 1. How much? 2. Varieties 3. Landscapes 4. Uniqueness Fall 2010 9 SI 640 Digital Libraries and Archives Buckland, Michael. “Information as Thing.” Journal of the American Society of Information Science 42:5 (June 1991): 351-360. http://www.ischool.berkeley.edu/~buckland/thing.html

10 INFORMATION-AS-THING Tangible entity (touch or measure) Representation of knowledge Information as evidence Symbol, fact, legal standing Evidence in the form of documents or “informative things” (Levy: talking things) Representations are a transformation, necessarily incomplete, form shifting, summarized, derived, retaining properties Situational and predicted value of information-as-thing. Buckland. Information as Thing, 1991. 1. How much? 2. Varieties 3. Landscapes 4. Uniqueness Fall 2010 10 SI 640 Digital Libraries and Archives

11 CONTENT AND THE DISCIPLINES Science, social science, humanities Artifacts (differences) Associative practices Incentives/disincentives to contribute content: What are the common elements? What are the disciplinary distinctions Borgman, Disciplines, documents, data (2007). Fall 2010 11 SI 640 Digital Libraries and Archives 1. How much? 2. Varieties 3. Landscapes 4. Uniqueness

12 DISCUSSION: CONTRIBUTION DISINCENTIVES Documents and Data Reward system Level of effort Competing priorities Rights management Borgman, Disciplines, documents, data (2007). Fall 2010 12 SI 640 Digital Libraries and Archives 1. How much? 2. Varieties 3. Landscapes 4. Uniqueness

13 INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT FOR CONTENT Creators, managers, users Institutional loyalties Choices and priorities 1. How much? 2. Varieties 3. Landscapes 4. Uniqueness Fall 2010 13 SI 640 Digital Libraries and Archives

14 CONTENT LANDSCAPE OCLC, Pattern Recognition, 2003, p. 125. 1. How much? 2. Varieties 3. Landscapes 4. Uniqueness Fall 2010 14 SI 640 Digital Libraries and Archives Please see original image of a Collections GridCollections Grid

15 Licensed Content Digitized Content Managed Content Acquired Content Structure Tight Loose IP Rights LikelyUnlikely A CONTENT LANDSCAPE MODEL e-Research e-Records e-Teaching e-Publishing Web Gateway Source InternalExternal Possess Yes No Conway, Content Landscapes, 2008,. 1. How much? 2. Varieties 3. Landscapes 4. Uniqueness Fall 2010 15 SI 640 Digital Libraries and Archives Paul Conway

16 Licensed Content Digitized Content Managed Content Acquired Content CONTENT LANDSCAPES Web Gateway “Unmanaged” WWW WWW resources Research data + software Library digital acquisitions e-Journals e-Books Time-limited db “Personal” digital collections Blackboard objects E-Reserve docs Course websites Image databases Text databases Multimedia Research data Student portfolios Research center output Faculty publications Campus pubs Enterprise systems University archives Web CMS Conway, Content Landscapes, 2008,. Fall 2010 16 SI 640 Digital Libraries and Archives Paul Conway

17 DISCUSSION: CONTENT LANDSCAPES Lingering Questions: Is “format” a meaningful construct? Is web context preservable in any meaningful way? Content (value neutral) or assets (value laden)? 1. How much? 2. Varieties 3. Landscapes 4. Uniqueness Conway, Content Landscapes, 2008,. Fall 2010 17 SI 640 Digital Libraries and Archives

18 IDEA OF UNIQUENESS Records (artifacts) Information (duplication/publication) Processes (functional view) Aggregations (distinct assemblages) O’Toole, Uniqueness (1993). Fall 2010 18 SI 640 Digital Libraries and Archives 1. How much? 2. Varieties 3. Landscapes 4. Uniqueness

19 DISCUSSION: IDEA OF UNIQUENESS Does uniqueness have any value today? How much of this idea uniqueness is associated with copying? How do we document uniqueness? O’Toole, Uniqueness (1993). Fall 2010 19 SI 640 Digital Libraries and Archives 1. How much? 2. Varieties 3. Landscapes 4. Uniqueness

20 Thank you! Paul Conway Associate Professor School of Information University of Michigan www.si.umich.edu Fall 2010 20 SI 640 Digital Libraries and Archives

21 Additional Source Information for more information see: http://open.umich.edu/wiki/CitationPolicy Slide 7: Please see original image at The Cartoon Bank, http://www.cartoonbank.com/2001/i-should-have-had-him-put-into-a-more- manageable-format-years-ago/invt/120351/ Slide 14: Please see original image of a Collections Grid, http://www.oclc.org/reports/escan/appendices/collectiongrid.htmhttp://www.oclc.org/reports/escan/appendices/collectiongrid.htm Slide 15: Paul Conway Slide 16: Paul Conway

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