1. Introduction to Perl Software Tools

2. Slide 2 Introduction to Perl l Perl is a scripting language that makes manipulation of text, files, and processes easy. l Perl is a cross between shell programming and the C programming language. C (numbers) Shell programming (text) Smalltalk (objects) C++ (numbers, objects) Perl (text, numbers) Java (objects)

3. Slide 3 Introduction to Perl l Perl provides a more concise and readable way to do many tasks compared to C++ and shell scripts. l Perl has replaced shell programming as the most popular programming language for text processing and Unix system administration. l Perl was originally designed under Unix, but now also runs under all operating systems (including Windows). l Perl is also a popular language for CGI and GUI programming.

4. Slide 4 Introduction to Perl The perl command on our system automatically invokes Perl 5.0. Some systems use Perl 4.0 as the default, but you also can run a perl 5.0 script explicitly with perl5: $ cat simple $ perl5 simple $ You can run the script directly if you make the script executable, and the first line is of the following form ( #!/usr/... must start from the first column): $ chmod +x simple $ cat simple #!/usr/local/bin/perl5 -w $ simple $

5. Slide 5 Basic Syntax The -w option tells Perl to produce extra warning messages about potential dangers. Use -w in all your Perl programs for now. #!/usr/local/bin/perl5 -w Whitespace doesn't matter in Perl (like C++), except for #!/usr/local/bin/perl5 -w which must start from column 1 on line 1.

6. Slide 6 Basic Syntax All perl statements end in a semicolon ; (like C++) In Perl, comments begin with # (like shell scripts) everything after the # to the end of the line is ignored. # need not be at the beginning of the line. n there are no C++-like multiline comments: /* */

7. Slide 7 Perl Example 1 l Here is a “hello world” Perl program: $ ls -l -rwxr-xr-x 1 horner cs 52 Mar 2 15:50 hello* $ cat hello #!/usr/local/bin/perl5 -w # comment lines start with the # character print "Hello world\n"; $ hello Hello world $ The print command sends the string to the screen, and “ \n “ adds a newline.

8. Slide 8 Perl Example 1 You can optionally use parenthesis around the argument in print : print ("Hello world\n"); or, if your prefer the C++ function style: print("Hello world\n");

9. Slide 9 Scalar Variables l A scalar variable can hold a single number or string (like shell variables), including integers and floating-point numbers (unlike shell variables). Scalar variables begin with “$” followed by a letter, and then possibly more letters, digits, or underscores. (e.g., $n, $n1, $name, $first_name ). l Scalar variables are case sensitive.

10. Slide 10 Assigning Scalar Variables Scalars are assigned using “ = “ $scalar = expression; l To assign a value to a scalar variable: $number = 25; $name = "Bill Gates"; Unlike shell scripts, use the “$” both when the variable is used and assigned: $ cat test1 #!/usr/local/bin/perl5 -w $number = 25; $name = "Bill Gates"; print "$number $name\n"; $ test1 25 Bill Gates $

11. Slide 11 Numerical Scalar Variables l Internally, all numerical scalar values are stored as floats (so you don’t have to worry about integer division in Perl like you do in C++). l Perl supports the usual C++ numerical operations: $a = 25;# $a is now 25 $a += 5; # $a is now 30 $a *= 3; # $a is now 90 $a++; # $a is now 91 --$a; # $a is now 90 $result = ($a + 2) * 3.4; # $result is 312.8

12. Slide 12 User Input Use to get input from the user: $ cat test2 #!/usr/local/bin/perl5 -w print "Enter name: "; $name = ; chomp ($name); print "How many girlfriends do you have? "; $number = ; chomp($number); print "$name has $number girlfriends!\n"; $ test2 Enter name: Bill Gates How many girlfriends do you have? more than you Bill Gates has more than you girlfriends!

13. Slide 13 User Input grabs one line of input, including the newline character. So, after: $name = ; if the user typed “Bill Gates[ENTER]”, $name will contain: “ Bill Gates\n ”. To delete the newline, the chomp() function takes a scalar variable, and removes the trailing newline if present. (If there is no newline at the end, it does nothing.) l A shortcut to do both operations in one line is: chomp($name = );

14. Slide 14 $ l As with the shell scripts, use a backslash before $ if you really want to print the dollar sign: $ cat test4 #!/usr/local/bin/perl5 -w print "Enter amount: "; $cost = ; print "The total is: \$$cost"; $ test4 Enter amount: 18.50 The total is $18.50 No need to use chomp() if the newline on $cost can be used when it is printed.

15. Slide 15 Numerical Example $ cat test6 #!/usr/local/bin/perl5 -w print "Enter height of rectangle: "; $height = ; print "Enter width of rectangle: "; $width = ; $area = $height * $width; print "The area of the rectangle is $area\n"; $ test6 Enter height of rectangle: 10 Enter width of rectangle: 5 The area of the ractangle is 50 $ test6 Enter height of rectangle: 10.1 Enter width of rectangle: 5.1 The area of the rectangle is 51.51

16. Slide 16 Backquotes : Command Substitution l You can use command substitution in Perl like in shell scripts: $ whoami gates $ cat test7 #!/usr/local/bin/perl5 -w $user = `whoami`; chomp($user); $num = `who | wc -l`; chomp($num); print "Hi $user! There are $num users logged on.\n"; $ test7 Hi gates! There are 6 users logged on. Command substitution will usually include a newline, so use chomp().