2. Reflection and Refraction

3. Light interacts with matter Interaction begins at surface and depends on –Smoothness of surface –Nature of the material –Angle of incidence Possible interactions –Reflection –Refraction –Absorption –Transmission Transparent materials transmit light Opaque materials do not allow transmission of light Reflect, absorb or combination

4. Reflection Most objects we see reflect light rather than emit their own light.

5. Principle of Least Time Fermat's principle - light travels in straight lines and will take the path of least time MIRROR AB Wrong Path True Path

6. Law of Reflection “The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.” This is true for both flat mirrors and curved mirrors.

7. Reflection Angles measured with respect to the “surface normal” –Line perpendicular to the surface  i =  r Law of Reflection Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection

8. Image formation Real image –Can be viewed or displayed at its location –Example - movie image on a screen Virtual image –Appears to come from a location where it is not directly visible –Examples: plane mirror, convex mirror, concave mirror

11. Types of Reflection Specular Reflection - images seen on smooth surfaces (e.g. plane mirrors) Diffuse Reflection - diffuse light coming from a rough surface (cannot see a reflection of yourself)

12. Refraction Refraction is the bending of light when it passes from one transparent medium to another. This bending is caused by differences in the speed of light in the media.

13. Refraction WATER AIR Normal Line Fast Slow Light Beam

14. Refraction Light crossing a boundary surface and changing direction Reason: change in light propagation speed –Moving to a medium with a slower propagation speed Light bends toward surface normal –Moving to a medium with a faster propagation speed Light bends away from the normal Magnitude of refraction depends on: Angle that light strikes surface Ratio of speed of light in the two transparent materials Incident ray perpendicular to surface not refracted

15. Refraction Examples Light slows down when it goes from air into water and bends toward the normal. An Analogy: A car slows down when it goes from pavement onto gravel and turns toward the normal. An Illusion : Fish in the water appear closer and nearer the surface. (See Figure 28.27)

16. Refraction WATER AIR Observer True Fish False Fish

17. Atmospheric Refraction Our atmosphere can bend light and create distorted images called mirages.

18. Refraction Mirages Critical angle –Light refracted parallel to surface –No light passes through surface - “total internal reflection” –Applications - fiber optics, gemstone brilliance Index of refraction –A measure of light speed SubstanceIndex of refraction Light speed AirApprox. 1~c Water1.3330.75c Glass1.50.67c Diamond2.40.42c BE condensate 18,000,00038 mph!

19. Total Internal Reflection... …is the total reflection of light traveling in a medium when it strikes a surface of a less dense medium

20. WATER AIR Light Source Critical Angle Total Internal Reflection

22. Lenses Converging Lens A lens that is thicker in the middle and refracts parallel light rays passing through to a focus. Diverging Lens A lens that is thinner in the middle than at the edges, causing parallel light rays to diverge.

23. Optics The use of lenses to form images Concave lenses –Diverging lenses –Vision correction/in association with other lenses Convex lenses –Converging lenses –Most commonly used lens –Magnifiers, cameras, eyeglasses, telescopes, …

25. Myopia (Near-Sightedness) People with near-sightedness cannot see clearly at distance.

26. Hyperopia (Farsightedness) People with far-sightedness cannot see clearly up close.

27. The human eye Uses convex lens with muscularly controlled curvature to change focal distance Nearsightedness (myopia) - images form in front of retina Farsightedness (hyperopia) - images form behind retina Correction - lenses (glasses, contacts) used to move images onto retina

28. Total Internal Reflection occurs when the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle. The critical angle for an air-water interface is 48°. Fish can see everything above the water’s surface in a 96 ° cone of vision.

29. Dispersion... …is the separation of white light into pure colors (ROY G. BIV). Dispersion Examples: Prisms Diffraction Gratings CD’s Raindrops

31. Dispersion and colors White light –Mixture of colors in sunlight –Separated with a prism Dispersion –Index of refraction varies with wavelength –Different wavelengths refract at different angles –Violet refracted most (blue sky) –Red refracted least (red sunsets) –Example: rainbows Wavelength/frequency related

32. Rainbows Raindrops refract, reflect and disperse sunlight. Rainbows will always appear opposite of the Sun in the sky. You cannot run from or run to a rainbow!

33. Rainbows

34. The nature of light Wave-like behavior Interference Young’s two slit experiment Interference pattern - series of bright and dark zones Explanation - constructive and destructive interference

35. Wave-like behavior - polarization Alignment of electromagnetic fields Unpolarized light - mixture of randomly oriented fields Polarized light - electric fields oscillating on one direction Two filters - passage depends on alignment Reflection polarization

36. Polarization The alignment of the electric vectors that make up electromagnetic radiation. See Figure 29.31.

37. Polarization Light can be polarized by: –(1) passing light though a polarizer material or –(2) reflecting light off of a solid or liquid surface. For example, reflected light from a lake is mostly horizontally polarized.