1. Chapter 1

2. An Introduction to the Foundations of Financial Management—The Ties That Bind

3. Chapter Objectives Identify the Goal of the Firm
Compare the various legal forms of business organization
Describe the corporate tax features that affect business decisions
Describe the impact of the tragedies of September 11 on corporate finance
Explain the 10 principles that form the foundations of financial management
Explain what has led to the era of the multinational corporation

4. The Goal of the Firm
The Goal of the firm is maximization of shareholder wealth or
Maximization of the price of the existing common stock

5. Benefits of Maximizing Shareholder Wealth
Direct benefit to shareholders
Societal benefits as businesses compete to create wealth
Includes effects of all financial decisions

6. Profit Maximization Stresses the efficient use of capital resources
Not specific to time frame for profits to be measured
Goals are not precise, allow for misinterpretation
Ignores uncertainty and timing

7. Legal Forms of Business Organization
Sole Proprietorship
Partnership
Corporation

8. Sole Proprietorship Owned by an individual Owner holds title to assets
Unlimited liability
Termination occurs on owner’s death or by owner’s choice

9. Partnerships Two or more owners Limited Partnership
Allows one or more partners limited liability
Must have one general partner with unlimited liability
Names of limited partners may not appear in name of firm
Limited partners may not participate in management decisions.
General Partnership
Each partner is fully responsible for liabilities or
Joint Unlimited Liability

10. Corporation Most large companies are corporations
Separate legal entity
Can sue, be sued, purchase, sell and own property
Shareholders are the legal owners
Life continues with transfer of ownership
Taxed separately

11. How The Finance Area Fits Into a Corporation

12. Objectives of Income Taxation
Raise revenues for government expenditures
Achieve socially desirable goals
Achieve economic stabilization

13. Types of Taxpayers
Individuals—employees, self-employed persons, members of partnerships
Report income on personal tax return
Corporations—separate legal entity
Report income on corporate tax return
Distributed dividends taxed to shareholders
Fiduciaries—estates and trusts
Pay taxes on undistributed income

14. Taxable Income
Taxable Income—Gross income less tax deductible expenses, plus Interest income and dividend income
Gross Income—Dollar sales from a product or service less cost of production or acquisition
Tax Deductible Expenses—Operating expenses (marketing, depreciation, administrative expenses) and interest expense
Dividends paid are not deductible

15. Corporate Income Sales $1,000 Cost of Goods Sold $ 200
Gross Profit $ 800
Operating Expenses
Administrative Expenses $150
Depreciation Expense $ 50
Total Operating Expenses $200
Operating Income $600
Other Income $0
Interest Expense $250
Taxable Income $350

16. Corporate Tax Rates Income Rate $ 0 - $50,000 15%
$ 0 - $50, %
$50,001 - $75, %
$75,001 - $10,000, %
Over $10,000, %
Additional surtax:
5% on income between $100,000 and $335,000
3% on income between $15,000,000 and $18,333,333

17. Marginal Tax Rates Rates applicable to next dollar of income
Used in financial decision-making

18. Other Corporate Tax Considerations
Dividend Exclusion—A corporation may typically exclude 70% of any dividend received from another corporation.
Depreciation Expense—A corporation may expense an asset’s cost over its useful life
Capital Gains and Losses—Capital Gains taxed as ordinary income. Capital losses cannot be deducted from ordinary income.

19. Ten Principles That Form The Foundations of Financial Management

20. Principle 1: The Risk-Return Trade-off
We won’t take on additional risk unless we expect to be compensated with additional return.
Investment alternatives have different amounts of risk and expected returns.
The more risk an investment has, the higher will be its expected return.

21. Principle 2: The Time Value of Money
A dollar received today is worth more than a dollar received in the future.
Because we can earn interest on money received today, it is better to receive money earlier rather than later.

22. Principle 3: Cash—Not Profits—Is King
Cash Flow, not accounting profit, is used to measure wealth.
Cash flows, not profits, are actually received by the firm and can be reinvested.

23. Principle 4: Incremental Cash Flows
It is only what changes that counts
The incremental cash flow is the difference between the projected cash flows if the project is accepted, versus what they will be, if the project is not accepted

24. Principle 5: The Curse of Competitive Markets
Why it is hard to find exceptionally profitable projects
If an industry is generating large profits, new entrants are usually attracted. The additional competition and added capacity can result in profits being driven down to the required rate of return

25. Principle 6: Efficient Capital Markets
The markets are quick and the prices are right
The values of all assets and securities at any instant in time fully reflect all available information.

26. Principle 7: The Agency Problem
Managers won’t work for the owners unless it is in their best interest
The separation of management and the ownership of the firm creates an agency problem. Managers may make decisions that are not in line with the goal of maximization of shareholder wealth

27. Principle 8: Taxes Bias Business Decisions
When a new project is evaluated, the after-tax incremental cash flows are considered

28. Principle 9: All Risk is Not Equal
Some risk can be diversified away, and some cannot
Diversification allows good and bad events or observations to cancel each other out, thus reducing total variability without affecting expected return

29. Principle 10: Ethical Behavior Is Doing The Right Thing, and Ethical Dilemmas Are Everywhere In Finance
Each person has his or her own set of values, which forms the basis for personal judgments about what is the right thing

30. Finance And The Multinational Firm
U.S. corporations are looking to international expansion
Collapse of communism
Free market system developing in the third world
Freer access to international markets