1. Prof. Mel Ulmer DEPT OF PHYSICS & ASTRONOMY

2. The Concept: Intact Electroforming Multilayer Process

6. Coated Mandrel

7. Astrophysical Motivation Hard X-ray Astronomy (20- 100 keV) is rich but: Need focusing for improved sensitivity and imaging Flexible design of focal length Need the best angular resolution possible

8. resolution 1.5 2.25 3. arc min 45 arc sec resolution 15 22.5 arc sec

9. Cas A 8.5 x 8.5 arc min 24 x 24 arc sec 1.3 x 1.3 arc min 3.5 x 3.5 arc min 3C 273 Per A Gal. Cen.

10. Advantages of IEMP: Coat Mandrel => Focal Length, small as 1-2 meters => SMEX is possible Electroforming offers the best angular resolution (< 10 arc sec) outside custom figuring An additional advantage of proccess at NU = CNx coating (10 nm) smooths & protects

12. Now the entire process: Coat mandrel with CNx Coat mandrel with release layer Coat with multilayers Coat with adhesion layers Electroform Remove electroform Remove release layer

23. Two different orientations about optical axis, same energy About 90 deg rotation

24. Higher Energy

25. Conclusion: Excellent Multilayers because: Same Bragg angles at different energies, more penetrating versus less Same Bragg angles at different energies, more penetrating versus less Narrow Bragg peaks Narrow Bragg peaks One multilayer d-spacing = 5.29 nm fits all One multilayer d-spacing = 5.29 nm fits all Same Bragg angles at different axis rotations Same Bragg angles at different axis rotations All the above plus fits indicate well over 10% efficiency. How high? Perhaps near theoretical = 80% All the above plus fits indicate well over 10% efficiency. How high? Perhaps near theoretical = 80%

26. 30 cm long, 12 cm dia. 2 m focal length Wolter I With multilayers First Light

27. Where do we go from here? Further analysis of in hand mirror to cement reflectivity efficiency estimates Further analysis of in hand mirror to cement reflectivity efficiency estimates Advance to an even better truncated cone mandrel Advance to an even better truncated cone mandrel Move to graded d-spacing with new multilayer coating chamber Move to graded d-spacing with new multilayer coating chamber Advance to Wolter I mirrors and fly them!! Advance to Wolter I mirrors and fly them!!

28. Co-Authors: Bob I. Altkorn, Anita Madan, Mike Graham, and Yong S. Chu Helpers, collaborators, etc. : Al Krieger, Dan Parsignault, Derrick Mancini, Matt Steele, Peter Takcas, Yip-Wah Chung, Jane Chang NASA Support: SR&T and Con X www.astro.nwu.edu/astro/faculty/ulmer

32. The End