1. The Library Cataloging Tradition
Dewey, Ranganathan, Avram, and others

2. From the beginning ... The traditional catalog and its boundaries
How catalogs have evolved
Forming the mind of a cataloger: library standards
Library metadata (MARC)

3. The Boundaries of the Traditional Catalog
Books
Serials/Journals at the title level
Article level access left to commercial services
Archival collections at the collection level
Sub-collections and individual items described in finding aids
“Funny Formats” not always integrated or traditionally cataloged

4. Evolution of “The Catalog”
Book catalogs
Card catalogs
Union catalogs
Union lists
Online catalogs
Bibliographic utilities

5. The Card Catalog lives on ...
LC card distribution begins in 1890s
MARC developed (by Henriette Avram) at LC in the 1960s
OCLC (first bibliographic utility using MARC) in the early 1970s
AACR2 (takes effect in 1981) pushes libraries into the online catalog era

6. ... and on
MARC Format Integration prepares MARC for rational extension
Second (third?) generation library management systems bring on web-based catalogs in 1990s
AACR2 and MARC extended to remote resources in mid-1990s
Metadata other than MARC begins to filter into libraries

7. From Cutter and his “Objects”
To enable a person to find a book of which either
the author, the title, the subject is known
To show what the library has
by a given author, on a given subject, in a given kind of literature
To assist in the choice of a book
as to its edition (bibliographically), as to its character (literary or topical)

8. To the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records
Description (FRBR: identify, select)
Access (FRBR: find)
Subject access
headings
classification
Other access points
Holdings (FRBR: obtain)

9. Description Cutter’s Rules (1875)
Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (1967)
Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, 2nd ed. (1978)
Includes International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD-M)
Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, 2nd ed., 1988 revision ( )

10. Description & Access AACR2 divided into two major parts: Description
Organized by format, with specific rules for describing each type of materials
Headings, Uniform Titles, and References
Choice of access points
Headings for persons, geographic names, corporate bodies, etc.
References to guide readers to the correct heading

11. Subject Analysis, the third leg
Can be either term based (generally alphabetically arranged), or classification (arranged by topic)
These two approaches can be combined
US research libraries generally use the Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) and Classification (LCC)

12. Ranganathan and Colon Classification
S. R. Ranganathan
developed classification scheme in the 1930’s (Colon Classification System) based on the notion of “facets”
42 main classes
subdivides each main class by particular characteristics into facets, which are then combined to make subordinate classes as needed
Art & Architecture Thesaurus and PRECIS based on this model (so is Yahoo, to some extent)

13. Dewey Classification
Dewey Decimal Classification System (DDC) first published in 1876 by Melvil Dewey
Most widely used classification system in the world (used in 135 countries)
In this country used primarily by public and school libraries
Maintained by the Library of Congress

14. Dewey, continued
DDC is divided into ten main classes, then ten divisions, each division into ten sections
The first digit in each three-digit number represents the main class.
“500” = natural sciences and mathematics.
The second digit in each three-digit number indicates the division.
“500” is used for general works on the sciences
“510” for mathematics
“520” for astronomy
“530” for physics

15. More Dewey
The third digit in each three-digit number indicates the section.
“530”is used for general works on physics
“531” for classical mechanics
“532” for fluid mechanics
“533” for gas mechanics
A decimal point follows the third digit in a class number, after which division by ten continues to the specific degree of classification needed.

16. Library of Congress Subjects
Essentially an artificial indexing language
Based on literary warrant
Entry vocabulary provided in the form of reference structure
Moving slowly towards a real thesaurus structure (not there yet)
Not faceted—subdivisions pre-selected, based on individual heading or “pattern” heading

17. LCSH Example Digital libraries see from “Electronic libraries”
see from “Virtual libraries”
see broader term: “Libraries”
see also “Information storage and retrieval systems”

18. Library of Congress Classification
21 basic classes, based on single alphabetic character (K=law, N=art, etc.)
Subdivided into two or three alpha characters (KF=American Law, ND=painting, etc.)
Further subdivision by specific numeric assignment
Author numbers and dates arrange works by a particular author together and in chronological order

19. LCC example (in MARC classification format)
153##$aQL638.E55$hZoology$hChordates. Vertebrates$hFishes$hSystematic divisions$hOsteichthys (Bony fishes). By family, A-Z$hFamilies$jEngraulidae (Anchovies)
$a = Classification number--single number or beginning number of span (R)
$h = Caption hierarchy
$j = Caption (lowest level, relating to the specific number in $a)

20. MARC Formats (Bibliographic)
Books
Serials
Maps
Visual materials
Sound recordings
Computer files
Archives and manuscripts

21. MARC Formats (Other) Authorities Holdings Classification
Community Information

22. Control fields (00X)
Number & code fields (0XX)
Access point (1XX = main entry)
Title, publisher, etc. (2XX)
Physical description (3XX)
Series (4XX)
Notes (5XX)
Subject headings (6XX)
Local fields (9XX)

23. From Holdings
Record

24. Authorized heading
Cross-references
Source where data found

25. Authorized heading
Place/Publisher
Treatment codes
Source where data found

26. LC Classification
Authorized heading (topic)
See also ref.
See also from (broader)
See also from (related)
Information in other headings

27. Classification (subject)
Heading (name)
Heading (series)
Heading (subject)
Classification (subject)
Bibliographic
Record
(paper version)
Bibliographic
Record
(digital version)
Holdings
(paper)
Holdings
(paper)
Holdings
(digital)

28. Traditional library  digital libraries?
MARC and AACR2 categorizations by physical format break down for digital resources
MARC Format Integration (early 1980s) an attempt to resolve some “content v. carrier” problems
Efforts to integrate digital materials ongoing

29. David Levy asks: What will be cataloged? What will catalogs look like?
Who will build and maintain them?
How will these new catalogs relate to old standards?
Another question: What can be re-purposed from the old order?