1. KEY ISSUES OF IMPLEMENTATION AND EFFICIENT STRUCTURES FOR COMMUNITY FISHERIES Susan Hanna

2. Efficiency and Implementation Four Examples Old Maine soft shell clams New Alaska community development quota Pacific whiting cooperative Emerging Port Orford Oregon reef management

3. Efficiency and Implementation Maine soft shell clams Control: shared state and coastal towns Decisionmaking: 72 towns have shellfish committees who co- manage with Maine Department of Marine resources Types of decisions: –access –extraction –enhancement –enforcement –area rotation

4. Efficiency and Implementation Maine soft shell clams Objectives of system –conservation –cost-effective monitoring and enforcement –local definitions of equity Performance –costs and benefits are devolved –exclusion –tenure assurance –return on investment

5. Efficiency and Implementation Western Alaska community development quotas 1992 Background: Bering Sea communities were isolated, low income, without access to capital to participate in Bering sea fisheries The 56 eligible communities that border the Bering Sea formed six CDQ applicant groups. Each group forms partnership with seafood companies, leasing quota Began with pollock, eventually all sepcies will be phased in. Total CDQ share of TAC Sets aside 10% of pollock TAC, 7.5% of all other groundfish and crab TACs, and halibut set aside. Allocated among CDQ groups by Governor on the basis of plans

6. Efficiency and Implementation Western Alaska community development quotas Management of CDQ –Most lease their CDQ to industry partners –Industry partners may pay matching funds for future seafood business ventures –Industry groups employ community residents –Partnerships in ownership of vessels and other seafood businesses Management of CDQ revenues –education –training –scholarship –seafood investment funds

7. Efficiency and Implementation Western Alaska community development quotas Outcomes since 1992 Major source of revenue, employment and stability to 65 remote coastal communities in Bering Sea/ Aleutian Islands Nearly $125 million in wages, education, and training benefits provided to over 25,000 western AK residents 2003 total revenues of the six CDQ groups was about $88 million combined Asset value of all 6 CDQ groups is currently around $300 million

8. Efficiency and Implementation Pacific Whiting Conservation Cooperative Function: –management of quota share to catcher- processor sector of large-volume whiting fishery (144k mt) Context: –race for fish –lost economic value –overcapitalization Objectives: Four companies operating 10 C-P vessels formed PWCC to: –end race for fish and increase effieicncy –stabilize harvesting –reduce waste and improve resource utilization –reduce bycatch –share information on catch and bycatch –conduct and fund research for resource conservation.

9. Efficiency and Implementation Pacific Whiting Conservation Cooperative Types of Decisions: –allocate C-P share of whiting TAC to coop members –facilitate quota transfers among member companies. –monitor the catch through full federal observer coverage –pay for observer coverage. –report catches to a private centralized monitoring service. –enforce compliance

10. Efficiency and Implementation Pacific Whiting Conservation Cooperative Performance outcomes: Increased efficiency of harvest –reduced capacity (from 10 to 4 vessels) –increased recovery rates (17.2 to 24%) Improved conservation –reduced bycatch (2.74 k/mt to.99k/mt) Lower transactions costs of management –small numbers: efficient negotiations

11. Efficiency and Implementation Port Orford Oregon Reef Context: –Population 1000, low income, small-boat homogeneous fleet, limited fishing opportunities, localized reef Objective: –Area control and protection, community quota share, maximize value from small catches, collective decisionmaking, protection against large-scale harvesting Approach: –Formation of Port Orford Ocean Resources Team (POORT) for community-based mapping, management recommendations and eventually management