1. Additive Spanners for k-Chordal Graphs V. D. Chepoi, F.F. Dragan, C. Yan University Aix-Marseille II, France Kent State University, Ohio, USA

2. G multiplicative 2- and additive 1-spanner of G Sparse t -Spanner Problem Given unweighted undirected graph G=(V,E) and integers t, m. Does G admit a spanning graph H =(V,E’) with |E’|  m such that (a multiplicative t-spanner of G) or (an additive t-spanner of G)?

3. G multiplicative 2- and additive 1-spanner of G Sparse t -Spanner Problem Given unweighted undirected graph G=(V,E) and integers t, m. Does G admit a spanning graph H =(V,E’) with |E’|  m such that (a multiplicative t-spanner of G) or (an additive t-spanner of G)?

4. Applications in distributed systems and communication networks – synchronizers in parallel systems Close relationship were established between the quality of spanners for a given undirected graph (in terms of the stretch factor t and the number of edges |E’|), and the time and communication complexities of any synchronizer for the network based on this graph – topology for message routing efficient routing schemes can use only the edges of the spanner G 2-spanner for G

5. Applications in distributed systems and communication networks – synchronizers in parallel systems Close relationship were established between the quality of spanners for a given undirected graph (in terms of the stretch factor t and the number of edges |E’|), and the time and communication complexities of any synchronizer for the network based on this graph – topology for message routing efficient routing schemes can use only the edges of the spanner G 2-spanner for G

6. Some Known Results general graphs [Peleg&Schaffer’89] – given a graph G=(V, E) and two integers t, m  1, whether G has a t-spanner with m or fewer edges, is NP-complete chordal graphs [Peleg&Schaffer’89] G is chordal if it has no chordless cycles of length >3 –every n-vertex chordal graph G=(V, E) admits a 2-spanner with O(n 1.5 ) edges –there exist (infinitely many) n-vertex chordal graphs G=(V, E) for which every 2-spanner requires  (n 1.5 ) edges –every n-vertex chordal graph G=(V, E) admits a 3-spanner with O(n logn) edges –every n-vertex chordal graph G=(V, E) admits a 5-spanner with at most 2n-2 edges (multiplicative case)

7. Some Known Results general graphs [Peleg&Schaffer’89] – given a graph G=(V, E) and two integers t, m  1, whether G has a t-spanner with m or fewer edges, is NP-complete chordal graphs [Peleg&Schaffer’89] G is chordal if it has no chordless cycles of length >3 –every n-vertex chordal graph G=(V, E) admits a 3-spanner with O(n logn) edges –every n-vertex chordal graph G=(V, E) admits a 5-spanner with at most 2n-2 edges tree spanner [BDLL’2002] –given a chordal graph G=(V, E) and an integer t>3, whether G has a t-spanner with n-1 edges (tree t-spanner), is NP-complete (multiplicative case)

8. Some Known Results general graphs [Peleg&Schaffer’89] – given a graph G=(V, E) and two integers t, m  1, whether G has a t-spanner with m or fewer edges, is NP-complete chordal graphs [Peleg&Schaffer’89] G is chordal if it has no chordless cycles of length >3 –every n-vertex chordal graph G=(V, E) admits a 3-spanner with O(n logn) edges –every n-vertex chordal graph G=(V, E) admits a 5-spanner with at most 2n-2 edges  2-appr. algorithm for any t  5 tree spanner [BDLL’2002] –given a chordal graph G=(V, E) and an integer t>3, whether G has a t-spanner with n-1 edges (tree t-spanner), is NP-complete (multiplicative case)

9. This Talk From multiplicative to additive –every chordal graph admits an additive 4-spanner with at most 2n-2 edges which can be constructed in linear time –every chordal graph admits an additive 3-spanner with O(n logn) edges which can be constructed in polynomial time Extension to k-chordal graphs G is k-chordal if it has no chordless cycle of length >k –Every k-chordal graph admits an additive (k+1)-spanner with at most 2n-2 edges which can be constructed in O(n  k+m) Better bounds for subclasses of 4-chordal graphs –Every HH-free graph (or chordal bipartite graph) admits an additive 4-spanner with at most 2n-2 edges which can be constructed in linear time Note that any additive t-spanner is a multiplicative (t+1)- spanner

10. Method: Constructing Additive 4- Spanner Given a chordal graph G=(V, E) and an arbitrary vertex u u

11. BFS-Ordering and BFS-Tree up-phase We start from u and construct a BFS tree. The red edges are tree edges. First layer. 1715 16 18 u

12. BFS-Ordering and BFS-Tree up-phase Second layer 11 14 1715 16 12 13 18 u

13. BFS-Ordering and BFS-Tree up-phase Third layer 5 11 78 14 1715 16 12 13 18 6910 u

14. BFS-Ordering and BFS-Tree up-phase Fourth Layer 5 11 78 14 1715 16 12 13 18 4321 6910 u

15. Constructing Spanner down-phase Start from the last layer. For vertices of each connected component in the layer create a star for the fathers. 5 11 78 14 1715 16 12 13 18 4321 6910 u connected components

16. Constructing Spanner down-phase Third Layer 5 11 78 14 1715 16 12 13 18 4321 6910 u connected components

17. Constructing Spanner down-phase Second layer 5 11 78 14 1715 16 12 13 18 4321 6910 u connected components

18. Final Spanner The final spanner is showed in red 5 11 78 14 1715 16 12 13 18 4321 6910 u

19. Final Spanner The final spanner is showed in red 5 11 78 14 1715 16 12 13 18 4321 6910 u 1 vs 3 4 vs 5

20. Analysis Of The Algorithm Given a chordal graph G=(V, E), we produce a spanning graph H=(V,E’) such that –H is an additive 4-spanner of G –H contains at most 2n-2 edges –H can be constructed in O(n+m) time

21. Analysis Of The Algorithm Given a chordal graph G=(V, E), we produce a spanning graph H=(V,E’) such that –H is an additive 4-spanner of G –H contains at most 2n-2 edges –H can be constructed in O(n+m) time x y u Layer i Layer i-1 c

22. Constructing Additive 3- Spanner G is a chordal graph with n vertices and with a BFS ordering (started at u) –Take all the edges of the additive 4-spanner –in each connected component S induced by layer r, we run the algorithm presented in [Peleg&Schaffer’89], to construct a multiplicative 3-spanner for S 5 11 78 14 1715 16 12 13 18 4321 6910

23. Constructing Additive 3- Spanner G is a chordal graph with n vertices and with a BFS ordering (started at u) –Take all the edges of the additive 4-spanner –in each connected component S induced by layer r, we run the algorithm presented in [Peleg&Schaffer’89], to construct a multiplicative 3-spanner for S 5 11 78 14 1715 16 12 13 18 4321 6910

24. Analysis Of The Algorithm Given a chordal graph G=(V, E) with n vertices and m edges, we produce a spanning graph H=(V,E’) such that –H is an additive 3-spanner of G –H contains O(n logn) edges –H can be constructed in polynomial time

25. Method: Constructing Additive (k+1)- Spanner u Given a k-chordal graph G=(V, E) and an arbitrary vertex u

26. BFS-Ordering and BFS-Tree up-phase We start from u and construct a BFS tree. The red edges are tree edges. 5 1 4 8 9 7 3 6 10 2 u 12 11

27. Constructing Spanner down-phase Start from the last layer. For vertices of each component,choose the smallest one. Then try to connect others to it or its ancestor. 5 1 4 8 9 7 3 6 10 2 u 12 11 3 a component on layer 3

28. Constructing Spanner down-phase Start from the last layer. For vertices of each component,choose the smallest one. Then try to connect others to it or its ancestor. edge used to connect 3 and 5 5 1 4 8 9 7 3 6 10 2 u 12 11 5 9 7 3 a component on layer 3

29. Constructing Spanner down-phase 5 1 4 8 9 7 3 6 10 2 u 12 11 a component on layer 3 Start from the last layer. For vertices of each component,choose the smallest one. Then try to connect others to it or its ancestor. edge used to connect 3 and 5

30. Final Spanner Final spanner is shown in red. 5 1 4 8 9 7 3 6 10 2 u 12 11

31. Analysis Of The Algorithm G is k-chordal if it has no chordless cycles of length >k The spanner constructed by the above algorithm has the following properties –It is an additive (k+1)-spanner –It contains at most 2n-2 edges –It can be constructed in O(k·n+m) time

32. Open questions and future directions Can these ideas be applied to other graph families to obtain good sparse additive spanners? Can one get a constant approximation for the additive 3- spanner problem on chordal graphs? –so far, only a log-approximation for t=3 2-approximation for t>3 What about t=2 (additive)? –so far, (from Peleg&Schaffer’89) a log-approximation for multiplicative 3-spanner for t=1, the lower bound is  (n 1.5 ) edges (as multiplicative 2-spanner)

33. Thank You

34. Layering Given a graph G=(V, E) and an arbitrary vertex u  V, the sphere of u is defined as The ball of radius centered at u is defined as A layering of G with respect to some vertex u is a partition of V into the spheres

35. BFS Ordering G=(V, E) is a graph with n vertices In Breadth-First-Search (BFS), started at vertex u, we number the vertices from n to 1 as follows –u is numbered by n and is put on an initially empty queue –a vertex v is repeatedly removed from the head of the queue and the neighbors of v which are still unnumbered are consequently numbered and placed onto the queue –we call v the father of those vertices which are placed onto the queue when v is removed from the queue. We use f(v) to denote the father of v An ordering generated by BFS is called BFS-ordering

36. Layering and BFS-ordering, an example The vertices are numbered in BFS-ordering and the BFS tree is shown in red 10 7 3 6 9 8 1 5 4 2 Layer 0 Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3

37. Constructing Additive 4- Spanner Method of constructing spanner H=(V, E’) –let be arbitrary vertex of G and, we use Breadth-First-Search (BFS) rooted at to label all the vertices of G. –start from the layer of, for each vertex we add into –start from the layer and for each connected component induced by we find its projection on layer and make it star and put all the edges in the star into

38. Example The following is an example. The think red lines consists the spanners for the chordal graph 5 11 78 14 1715 16 12 13 18 4321 6910

39. Definitions and Symbols for k-chordal graph G is k-chordal if it has no chordless cycles of length>k Let u be an arbitrary vertex of G. We define a graph with the lth sphere as a vertex set. Two vertices are adjacent in if and only if they can be connected by a path outside the ball. We use to denote all the connected component of Also we define

40. Constructing Spanners G is k-chordal if it has no chordless cycles of length>k Method of constructing a spanner H=(V, E’) 1.for each vertex, we add into E’ 2.for each connected component we identify a vertex such that is the minimum in BFS-ordering among all vertices in 3.check if then we add to 4.check if then we add to 5.If none of the above is true, we let and repeat 3 and 4