1. Pineapples Family Bromeliaceae Genus Ananas Species comosus

2. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Reading b Pineapple Cultivation in Hawaii Bartholomew, Rohrbach, and EvansBartholomew, Rohrbach, and Evans University of HawaiiUniversity of Hawaii Cooperative Extension ServiceCooperative Extension Service F&N-7F&N-7 October, 2002October, 2002 pdf file on web pagepdf file on web page

3. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Herbaceous Perennial

4. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Flower description b Inflorescence 100-200 flowers100-200 flowers b Flower Perfect with floral bractPerfect with floral bract Three fleshy sepals and petalsThree fleshy sepals and petals Six stamensSix stamens Inferior ovary with 3 loculesInferior ovary with 3 locules

5. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Flower description b Commercial clones are self incompatible Set parthenocarpicallySet parthenocarpically –Only one cultivar planted in a field Pollinated by hummingbirdsPollinated by hummingbirds –Can produce seed if cross pollinated

6. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Fruit Description b Terminal Fruit b Crown - leafy apical shoot b Multiple fruit White to Yellow fleshWhite to Yellow flesh 10-18% brix10-18% brix 0.5 - 1.6% acidity0.5 - 1.6% acidity

7. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Pineapple is a Multiple Fruit b Many flowers on one inflorescence b Multiple fruit Fusion of berry- like fruitletsFusion of berry- like fruitlets Bases of sepals and bractsBases of sepals and bracts

8. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Probably domesticated by the Tupi- Guarani people in the Paraná-Paraguay river drainage area

9. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Probably domesticated by the Tupi- Guarani people in the Paraná-Paraguay river drainage area Spread through the tropical Americas and Caribbean before Columbus arrived in 1493 Columbus 1493 Carried on ships as protection against scurvy Early 16th century

10. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Tropical Fruit Production FAOSTAT database, 2000-2002

11. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Pineapple Production FAOSTAT database, 2000-2002

12. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Pineapple Production FAOSTAT database, 2000-2002

13. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Now Produced throughout the Tropics PP P P P P P P PP PP P Hawaii P P

14. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Pineapple Production and Yield FAOSTAT database, 2000-2002

15. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Adaptation: Temperature b Average yearly temperature 65-79° F65-79° F b Poor growth Below 55-60° FBelow 55-60° F Above 95° FAbove 95° F b Optimum growth conditions Cool nights with sunny daysCool nights with sunny days Day temp 70 - 85° FDay temp 70 - 85° F

16. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Adaptation: Rain b Drought tolerant plant Leaf adaptationsLeaf adaptations CAM type plantCAM type plant b Grown in range of rain conditions 24” (600 mm) - works well if even distribution24” (600 mm) - works well if even distribution 150” (3600 mm) per year150” (3600 mm) per year

17. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Adaptation b Soil Acid soil, pH 4.5 to 5.6Acid soil, pH 4.5 to 5.6 Good drainageGood drainage FertilityFertility –Best production at high fertility –Tolerates low fertility –Tolerates high levels of AL +3 and Mn +2 High OM and K desirable for best yieldsHigh OM and K desirable for best yields

18. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Propagation of the Pineapple Vegetative propagation b Crowns b Slips b Hapas b Suckers

19. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Propagation - Crowns b Crowns preferred Preformed roots and good reservesPreformed roots and good reserves Best grade by weight to reduce variabilityBest grade by weight to reduce variability b Cannery byproduct Twisted off at fruit harvest timeTwisted off at fruit harvest time Dried or dipped in fungicideDried or dipped in fungicide Trimmed, weighedTrimmed, weighed Better roots than slipsBetter roots than slips b Fresh pineapples marketed with crowns

20. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Pineapple Crowns for Planting

21. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Propagation - Slips b Rudimentary fruit with crown From axis of leaves on fruit stalkFrom axis of leaves on fruit stalk Curved at base -Curved at base - –Visible when fruit 1/2 developed b After harvesting the fruit Allow to develop another 4-5 monthsAllow to develop another 4-5 months b Storage Can store for 1 year up side down in sunCan store for 1 year up side down in sun Best yield if plant within 1 monthBest yield if plant within 1 month

22. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Crown Slips Slips allowed to develop 4-5 months after fruit harvest before using

23. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Propagation - Suckers b From axillary buds on stem Begin to grow during floral differentiationBegin to grow during floral differentiation b Cut from stem after fruit harvest b Larger than crowns/slips when collected Floral precocity  uneven harvestFloral precocity  uneven harvest

24. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Sucker versus a Crown Sucker Crown

25. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Time to Harvest varies with Planting Material Uneven Fruiting and Increased Harvest Cost

26. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Up side Down Propagation Material Drying in the sun

27. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Growing Cycle - 3 harvests Hawaii - 20-22 degrees north 19252832 1 st Ratoon Crop Force 1 st Ratoon Sucker Development FlowerHarvest 33394246 2 nd Ratoon Crop 2 nd Ratoon Sucker Development ForceFlowerHarvest 1 111418 PlantGrowingForceFlowerHarvest Planted Crop

28. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Crop Cycle b Planted year round Forced 9 - 13 mos laterForced 9 - 13 mos later b Plant crop duration In Hawaii (20-22 degrees north)In Hawaii (20-22 degrees north) –15-20 months More tropical areas where warmerMore tropical areas where warmer –11 - 14 months

29. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Ratoon Crop b Forced 5-7 months post plant harvest b Ratoon fruits SmallerSmaller Sweeter, less acidic, more aromaticSweeter, less acidic, more aromatic b Second ratoon crop possible if Soil is fertile and low nematodeSoil is fertile and low nematode

30. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Smaller Fruit Size with Each Crop

31. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Fruit Size b Largest size for processors b Regulate size by the timing of flower forcing b Fresh market Forced earlierForced earlier Ratoon cropsRatoon crops

32. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Pineapple fruit size is related to size of plant at time of flower induction ‘Smooth Cayenne’ fruit wt = plant wt at time of flowering 3.5 lbs 25 leaves

33. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Forcing b Ethephon Ethlylene-releasing compoundEthlylene-releasing compound Most common growth hormone usedMost common growth hormone used b Why force? UniformityUniformity Regulate harvestRegulate harvest b Forcing easier if: Done near normal flowering timeDone near normal flowering time Lower N & less vigorLower N & less vigor Cool temp (< 24 o C night temps )Cool temp (< 24 o C night temps )

34. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Planting b Double rows Pineapple for processorPineapple for processor 122 x 60 x 28 cm (4 x 2 x 1 ft)122 x 60 x 28 cm (4 x 2 x 1 ft) b Plant density regulate fruit size Canning, 58,700/haCanning, 58,700/ha Fresh, 75,000/haFresh, 75,000/ha –Fruit size decrease by 300 gm (0.7 lbs)

35. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Cultural Care in Hawaii (Not equatorial climate) b Fumigate/fertilize preplant b Black plastic mulch Nematicides under polyNematicides under poly Increases soil temp in rooting zoneIncreases soil temp in rooting zone Conserves moisture and weedsConserves moisture and weeds b Drip irrigation

36. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Fertilizer b Nutrient requirements High N, K, and FeHigh N, K, and Fe Low requirement of P and CaLow requirement of P and Ca b Nutrient scheduling Less required for first 5 monthsLess required for first 5 months Peak 2 - 4 months before forcingPeak 2 - 4 months before forcing –Need dark green leaves at forcing for best production Minimal during flowering/fruitingMinimal during flowering/fruiting

37. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Pesticides and fungicides sprayed as necessary

38. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Pineapple Harvest Harvest as shell color changes from green to yellow at base

39. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Pineapple Harvest

40. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Pineapple Harvest

41. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Pineapple Harvest

42. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Pineapple Harvest

43. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Pineapple Harvest

44. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Cultivars b ‘Smooth Cayenne’ b Origin - not clear

45. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Distribution of Cayenne Pineapple 1820 1835 1860 1858 1897 Hawaii 1885 1893 Hawaii

46. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Cayenne - most important b Processing Cylindrical for CanningCylindrical for Canning Leaves - no spines, slips fewLeaves - no spines, slips few Large fruits 2.5 - 3.5 Kg (5.5-7.7 lbs)Large fruits 2.5 - 3.5 Kg (5.5-7.7 lbs) b Common in USA grocery stores b Marginal for fresh market Too high in acidToo high in acid Skin is thin so bruise easilySkin is thin so bruise easily

47. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Red Spanish - 2nd b Well adapted for shipping fresh 2-4 lbs2-4 lbs Pale yellowPale yellow b Grown in Cuba and Puerto Rico b Plant Hardy, spiny leavesHardy, spiny leaves Many slipsMany slips

48. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Sugar Loaf types b Widely grown in tropical America Sweetest of white-fleshed formsSweetest of white-fleshed forms Lower acid than CayenneLower acid than Cayenne Many have small fruit (1/2 - 1 kg)Many have small fruit (1/2 - 1 kg) –Kona Sugarloaf has fruit 2-2.5 kg size

49. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Post Harvest - Storage b Partially ripe 50 - 55 o F50 - 55 o F b Ripe pineapples 45 o F45 o F RH 85 - 90%RH 85 - 90%  Exposure sub 45 o F  chilling injury

50. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Any Questions about Pineapple?