1. Chantier Méditerranée – Aix-En-Provence – 4 Nov. 2008 1/21 The Chemistry-Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment Observational strategy and A first estimate of associated needs Contact: francois.dulac@cea.fr ChArMEx Chantier Méditerranée

2. Chantier Méditerranée – Aix-En-Provence – 4 Nov. 2008 2/21 ChArMEx is the atmospheric chemistry component of the programme: it deals with short-lived tropospheric species and their impacts on the regional climate, air quality and (marine) ecosystems ChArMEx

3. Chantier Méditerranée – Aix-En-Provence – 4 Nov. 2008 3/21 ChArMEx work packages overview 7 SCIENCE WPs: SOURCES AGING TRANSPORT RADIATION DEPOSITION TRENDS FUTURE 7 IMPLEMENTATION WPs: OBSERVATORY MONITORING AIRCRAFT BALLOONS CAMPAIGNS MODELLING DATA BASE COORDINATION

4. Chantier Méditerranée – Aix-En-Provence – 4 Nov. 2008 4/21 AMMA-type: multi-scale integrated strategy 3 levels of in situ field observation: SOP: Special Observation Periods (~6 weeks, 2 successive yr) –detailed process studies at the regional scale –lagrangian and column type observations –intensive campaigns, extensive measurements, airborne means –support from real-time satellite products and model forecasts EOP: Enhanced Observation Period (2-3 yr) –daily to seasonal variability –statistical approach by continuous monitoring incl. detailed chem. –normalized meas., stations distributed to account for N-S and E-W gradients LOP: Long-term Observation Period (5-10 + yr) –trends –a few networked background observatories –basic chemical and radiative parameters Spaceborne remote sensing Chemistry-transport and chemistry-climate modelling ChArMEx overall strategy Data base

5. Chantier Méditerranée – Aix-En-Provence – 4 Nov. 2008 5/21 A French observational effort focused on the western basin

6. Chantier Méditerranée – Aix-En-Provence – 4 Nov. 2008 6/21 A focus of SOPs on the summer season GOME JJA2000 tropospheric O 3 column (DU) (courtesy of B. Sauvage et al.) Summer max.: + ~50% Clear sky favorable to remote sensing Summer max.: + 1 order of magnitude Daily surface concentrations in particulate Si at a backgound coastal site in Corsica (Bergametti et al., Kluwer, 1989)

7. Chantier Méditerranée – Aix-En-Provence – 4 Nov. 2008 7/21 A new network of Mediterranean background observatories Summer (JJA) 2007 aerosol optical depth at 865 nm from PARASOL (courtesy of D. Tanré, J.-L. Deuzé and F. Ducos) r < 0.70 µm 1.10 < r < 1.75 µm Aerosol effective radius frequency New: Balearic Islands ?? New: Corsica Marine Nationale Semaphore at Ersa, Cap Corse Lampedusa Finokalia + existing background observatories (e.g. PAES, IAGOS…)

8. Chantier Méditerranée – Aix-En-Provence – 4 Nov. 2008 8/21 Emplacement disponible pour un conteneur instrumenté Le sémaphore dErsa

9. Chantier Méditerranée – Aix-En-Provence – 4 Nov. 2008 9/21 Le site a été testé cet été… épaisseur optique en aérosol (atténuation du rayonnement par les particules dans latmosphère) taille de laérosol : fin (pollution/feux de biomasse) ou grossier (poussières minérales) capacité dabsorption/diffusion des particules indicateur du « type » daérosols période : juin 08 maintenant… concentration en O 3 masse totale en aérosol (PM2.5) période : juin 08 sept. 08 Photomètre AERONET/PHOTON (LOA/LA) Caisson mobile instrumenté (Qualitair Corse)

10. Chantier Méditerranée – Aix-En-Provence – 4 Nov. 2008 10/21 … on y voit bien les épisodes de transport à grande échelle AOD moyenne 0.21 épisode 1: poussières sahariennes épisode 1: pollution européenne Teneur en aérosol intégrée verticalement – AOD (Aerosol Optical Depth at 440 nm) (data available at http://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov)

11. Chantier Méditerranée – Aix-En-Provence – 4 Nov. 2008 11/21 Possible stations for the standardized deposition network (or secondary stations for additional parameters) Medenine Cap-Ferrat * Cap Bear * Lampedusa Porquerolles Isl. * Balearic Islands ? Oran Tanger Eastern Spain? Carloforte? Frioul Isl. * Cap Corse La Seyne-Sur-Mer * Nador Bonifacio Lecce? Master sites Basic deposition network Alger Trapani? Tunis Rende Master sites for Hg Western Italy? Ghozo? Monaco? * MOOSE network Core deposition parameters: total dust, soot, P, Fe, Hg Needed: consolidation and/or new of AERONET sites Expected: rain radar western Corsica

12. Chantier Méditerranée – Aix-En-Provence – 4 Nov. 2008 12/21 Aircraft operations (1/2) French Falcon-20 aircraft MOZART-SAFIRE instrument for O3 & CO AMOVOC for VOCs (LISA) MOZAIC water vapour probe (FZJ-Julich, Germany) Micro aerosol backscatter lidar ALTO ozone lidar Dropsonding system Passive tracer releasing and sampling system from DLR (to be checked) Aerosol passive remote sensor from LOA (OSIRIS) Possibly SPIRIT spectrometer from LPCE for H2O, O3, CO2, CO, CH4, N2O and NO2 or HCHO and HNO3 French ATR42 aircraft MOZART-SAFIRE for O3 and CO MONA for NOx/NOy PTRMS and AMOVOC for VOCs LNG aerosol lidar Airborne sun photometer PLASMA (LOA) Aerosol kinetic inlet with aerosol payload (LISA or LAMP-CNRM) and AMS (MPI or LACE-Villeurbanne) Aerosol filter sampling (LISA, LGGE) SAFIRE

13. Chantier Méditerranée – Aix-En-Provence – 4 Nov. 2008 13/21 Aircraft operations (2/2) LSCE Ultralight Aerosol lidar measurements (355 nm) In situ scatterometer (870 nm) In situ meteorological measurements Broadband radiative fluxes FZK Ultralight (W. Junkermann) In situ meteorological measurements In situ gas measurements: O3, CH2O, CO2 In situ aerosol size distribution and optical properties Upwelling and downwelling actinic fluxes from 290 to 700 nm Spectral albedo from 320 to 1000 nm (5 channels) Shortwave radiation balance Eventually infrared radiation (pyrgeometer) FZK-Karlsruhe Dornier (U. Corsmeier) ? Dynamical and gas measurements DLR Falcon-20 ?? AMMA SOP-0, Niamey airport

14. Chantier Méditerranée – Aix-En-Provence – 4 Nov. 2008 14/21 Possible aircraft bases Detailed strategy to be discussed F20 range ATR-42 range

15. Chantier Méditerranée – Aix-En-Provence – 4 Nov. 2008 15/21 Drifting balloons Pressurized balloons (BP) (up to <3 km) GPS, P, T, U Aerosol optical counter/sizer Brodband and shortwave and longwave fuxes Aeroclipper Surface fluxes GPS, SST T, U, q at ~10 m (h to be known) aerosol counter and radiation ? SST T, HR, V CNES

16. Chantier Méditerranée – Aix-En-Provence – 4 Nov. 2008 16/21 Balloon strategy Spaceborne lidar CALIOP, 26 June 2006, night time Eastern Europe MABL African dust (CALIOP data from NASA) + radiosounding O 3 (and aerosol?) balloons from Ajaccio 1 per week during EOP, 2 per day during SOPs + UTLS transmed (Sicily-Spain) stratospheric balloon: 1 per SOP, SPIRALE (O3, CO, CH4, CH2O, OCS, N2O, NO2, HNO3, HCl)

17. Chantier Méditerranée – Aix-En-Provence – 4 Nov. 2008 17/21 Joint EOP with HyMeX, MERMEX (and SICMED?) ChArMEX SOPs alternated with other SOPs ChArMEx operation schedule 20102011201220132014 LOP, on going EOP, spring 2010-autumn 2012 (3 summers) SOP-C1 summer 2011 SOP-C2 summer 2011 IIII ? SOP ? 2 nd phase eastern Med.

18. Chantier Méditerranée – Aix-En-Provence – 4 Nov. 2008 18/21 Estimated budget for Corsica observatory equipment Instruments for ChArMEx LOP and long-term measurment at Corsica observatoryk Atmospheric gases Ozone analyzer (absorption UV)20 CO analyzer (IR absorption, cross-flow modulation)10 Analyseur NO (chemiluminescence)40 Photolytic NO 2 -> NO converter (to measure NO x )5 Catalytic NO y -> NO converter (heated gold)25 SO 2 analyzer12 Aerosols Aerosol Lidar TEOM-FDMS aerosol balance with PM 10 Filter sampling in PM 1 (2 samplers) & PM 10 (2 samplers) Optical particle counter/sizer (GRIMM) 80 45 60 13 Gaseous + particulate Hg 20 Radon-222 Radon counter (active deposition method)20 Instruments for ChArMEx EOP Aerosols Nephelometer (3 wavelengths)30 Total cost380

19. Chantier Méditerranée – Aix-En-Provence – 4 Nov. 2008 19/21 Estimated needs for balloons Low altitude balloon campaigns Support to scientific institutes 2010: 22 k2011: 14 k2012: 14 k CNES Balloon Division Test campaign 2010:195 k Sci. campaign 2011:750 k Sci. campaign 2012:750 k Balloon soundings 2010 (EOP): 35 k (90 k with aerosol sensor) 2011 (EOP+SOP): 100 k (200 k) 2012 (EOP+SOP): 100 k (200 k) Stratospheric balloons Support to scientific institutes:2011: 70 k2012: 70 k CNES Balloon Division:2011: 748 k2012: 624 k

20. Chantier Méditerranée – Aix-En-Provence – 4 Nov. 2008 20/21 Estimated needs: ~1.5 M/yr (excl. equipement and balloons) French aircraft (ATR-42, F-20, ULA) 2010: 10 k (recce) + implementation of a tracer release system 2011: 425 k + tracer release 2012: 425 k + tracer release Deposition action EOP (2010-2012): 65 k/yr x 3 yr SOP equipment (2011): 67 k Sources and emission inventories 2010: 425 k2011: 425 k2012: 250 k Chemical analyses (EOP/SOP) ~40 k/yr ? To be completed…

21. Chantier Méditerranée – Aix-En-Provence – 4 Nov. 2008 21/21 Preparation phase request (2009) Equipement inventorié FonctionnementMissionsTotal 2009 89.4 k95.1 k95.6 k280.1 k AMMA SOP-0, Niamey airport CDDPost-docDoctorantTotal 2009 2 IE2* 2 x 6 mois 53.0 k 1 6 mois 23.4 k 1 4 mois 10.9 k 4 positions 22 mois 87.3 k 1. Ingénieur instrumentation: observatoire corse 2. Chef de projet Forçage radiatif aérosols, télédétection Forçage radiatif, modélisation régionale +1 bourse CNES- région MIP: ballons INSU LEFE/CHAT proposal (113 participants, 34 institutes, 200 pers. x month) CNES Drifting balloons: 18.9 k + ANR ?

22. Chantier Méditerranée – Aix-En-Provence – 4 Nov. 2008 22/21

23. Chantier Méditerranée – Aix-En-Provence – 4 Nov. 2008 23/21 Cumulative residence time close to the surface (log colorscale in s) of a large ensemble of back- trajectories ending at Cap Corse (one trajectory every 3 hours in June-July-August 2005, computed with the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART). It provides an estimation of the potential relative influence of each source point on in situ measurements made at Cap Corse. Grey iso- contours plotted every 12 h represent the mean travel time from a given local point to Cap Corse. (courtesy of François Gheusi, LA-Toulouse and Stephan Henne, EMPA-Switzerland)