1. Design process

2. Design
How do we come up with new (good) designs for interactive systems?
Why is it so difficult?

3. What is design? achieving goals within constraints goals - purpose
who is it for, why do they want it
constraints
materials, platforms
trade-offs

4. Interactions and Interventions
design interactions not just interfaces
not just the immediate interaction
E.g. in the office
designing interventions not just artefacts
not just the system, but also …
documentation, manuals, tutorials
what we say and do as well as what we make

5. The Tao of UCD
DESIGN
IMPLEMENT
USE &
EVALUATE

6. User-Centered Design Process
1. Understand constraints/context
2. User analysis
2. Task analysis
4. Function allocation
5. Define usability criteria
All of the above included in requirements definition and task analysis.

7. User-Centered Design (cont’d)
6. Design UI - including help and documentation
Consider alternatives!
Apply formative evaluation techniques & iterate
7. Build & test prototypes
Apply formative / summative evaluation techniques & iterate
8. Build & test the real application
Apply summative evaluation techniques & iterate
9. Release, update and maintain

8. Lifecycle models Show how activities are related to each other
Lifecycle models are:
management tools
simplified versions of reality
Many lifecycle models exist, for example:
from software engineering: waterfall, spiral, JAD/RAD, Microsoft, agile
from HCI: Star, usability engineering

9. A simple interaction design model
Exemplifies a user-centered design approach

10. The process of design scenarios task analysis what is wanted
guidelines
principles
analysis
interviews
ethnography
what is there
vs.
what is wanted
precise specification
design
dialogue notations
implement
and deploy
evaluation
heuristics
prototype
architectures
documentation
help

11. ISO 13407

12. Discussion What do methods have in common? Where do they differ?
How would you choose or adapt a method?

13. Other HCI design “methods”
Usability engineering
Focus on usability metrics and evaluation
Participatory design
User as participant in the design process
Contextual design
Based around contextual inquiry, focusing on the customer

14. SE traditional ‘waterfall’ lifecycle
Requirements analysis
Design
Code
Test
Maintenance

15. Spiral Lifecycle model
Important features:
Risk analysis
Prototyping
Iterative framework so ideas can be checked and evaluated
Explicitly encourages considering alternatives
Good for large and complex projects but not simple ones
From cctr.umkc.edu/~kennethjuwng/spiral.htm

16. Discussion
How would you incorporate HCI design into larger SE design frameworks?

17. Summary Four basic activities in the design process
Identify needs and establish requirements
Design potential solutions ((re)-design)
Choose between alternatives (evaluate)
Build the artefact
User-centered design rests on three principles
Early focus on users and tasks
Empirical measurement using quantifiable & measurable usability criteria
Iterative design
Lifecycle models show how these are related

18. Design rationale Recall: design is achieving goals within constraints
How do you document the
Constraints?
Alternatives?
Decisions?

19. Why is HCI Design Difficult?
Difficult to deeply analyze human behavior
May be too close to the domain
Cost/features may be considered over good human factors
Creativity is challenging!

20. How to be creative?
How do we create and develop new interface ideas and designs?
Ideas come from
Imagination
Analogy
Observation of current practice
Observation of current systems
Borrow from other fields
Animation
Theatre
Information displays
Architecture
..… metaphor

21. Project Structure Group project – 3-4 people Worth 50% of grade
Design and evaluate an interface
1 - Understand the problem, users, tasks, environment (15%)
2 – Design and prototype (20%)
3 – Evaluation (15%)

22. Project Groups 3-4 people
You decide
Diverse is best!
Consider schedules, habits, etc.
Form and choose topic by next Wednesday – cool name

23. Previous Projects Suggested Project Theme:
System for organizing and showcasing art
Friend Finder on a cell phone
System for assisting anesthesiologists
Money tracker in your wallet
Mobile photo album
Chef’s display in a kitchen
Suggested Project Theme:
Design a service to promote, encourage or support sustainability of the environment.

24. Coming up with project ideas
Think of someone else
Avoid being biased by your intuitions
Think off the desktop too!
Mobile, handheld, environmental
Think everyday
Think about people first, then technology

25. Project Topics Real “client” Domain family and friends?
Organization you belong to, volunteer with?
Hobbies or other activities?
Domain
Office, home, school

26. Project Details Part 0 – Team and topic formation – Due Jan. 23
Create team page on Swiki
Choose a project topic
Complete IRB certification if not already done
Part 1 - Understanding the problem – Due Feb. 13
Describe tasks, users, environment, social context
Any existing systems in place
Helps form basis for your requirements
Describe the problem, not the solution

27. Project Details Part 2a - Design Alternatives poster – Due March 12
Storyboards, mock-ups for multiple different designs
Get feedback on ideas during poster session
Part 2b – System Design and Evaluation Plan – Due April 2
Description of the system requirements and design
Rationale for design decisions
Plan for conducting evaluation
Part 2c – System Prototype – Due April 2
Prototype that implements all or part of the design
Allows for interactive experience

28. Project Details Part 3 – Evaluation – Due April 23
Conduct evaluation with example users
Characterize pros and cons of the UI
Discuss what you would do to fix problems
Part 3b – Presentation – April 23
In class presentation of the entire project, 15 minutes

29. Your turn Pair or triple up… Brainstorm ideas/problems
Choose a couple and elaborate
Think of examples of other people having the problem
Try to determine 5 Ws for the problem
Pause to share ideas with everyone…

30. Exercise Interview each other about applications on your cell phone:
What is your favorite feature of your cell phone?
What is your least favorite feature?
What do you do with your phone besides make phone calls?
Is there anything else you would like to do with you cell phone?
Switch cell phones and Observe each other
call back the last person who called
Add your name and number of the contact list

31. Impressions? What was surprising? What did you observe?
How would this be different in real world?
How did you feel about being observed?

32. Working with People Issues of rights, respect, ethics
YOU will be observing and talking to people to:
Gather requirements
Get initial design feedback
Perform evaluations of your design
Important to be professional with any interaction with potential users

33. Why an issue? Usability testing can be arduous; privacy is important
Each person should know and understand what they are participating in:
what to expect, time commitments
what the potential risks are
how their information will be used
Must be able to stop without danger or penalty
All participants to be treated with respect

34. Recruiting Participants
Who you are recruiting
Must fit user population (validity)
How you are recruiting
Must adequately disclose purpose and tasks
Compensation
Does compensation fit task? Reasonable expectations?
Note: Maintaining proper ethics applies to all participants, even friends and family

35. Consent
Why important?
People can be sensitive about this process and issues
Errors will likely be made, participant may feel inadequate
May be mentally or physically strenuous
What are the potential risks (there are always risks)?
Examples?
“Vulnerable” populations need special care & consideration
Children; disabled; pregnant; students (why?)

36. Attribution Theory
Studies why people believe that they succeeded or failed--themselves or outside factors (gender, age differences)
Make sure participants do not feel that they did something wrong, that the errors are their problem

37. IRB, Participants, & Ethics
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Federal law governs procedures
Reviews all research involving human (or animal) participants
Safeguarding the participants, and thereby the researcher and university
Not a science review (i.e., not to asess your research ideas); only safety & ethics

38. IRB @ UNCC http://www.research.uncc.edu/comp/chuman.cfm
On-line tutorial
Guidelines
Consent procedures and template forms
Protocol application forms
IRB Protocol 101 Training
1/31: 10am, 2/1: 5pm, 2/2: 10am & 5pm

39. Ethics Certification Ethics is not just common sense
Training being standardized to ensure even and equal understanding of issues
Go get your certification:
-use your UNCC ID to do the test
- me the confirmation, or me when you took the test previously