1. Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved Whitten Bentley DittmanSYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS5th Edition A M O D U L E OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND MODELING

2. Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved Whitten Bentley DittmanSYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS5th Edition Module A Object-Oriented Analysis & Modeling Define object modeling and explain its benefits. Recognize and understand the basic concepts and constructs of an object model. Read and interpret an object model. Describe object modeling in the context of systems analysis. Explain the Unified Modeling Language (UML) and list its diagrams. Construct a use case model. Discover objects and classes, and their relationships. Construct an object class diagram. Construct a state diagram to model an object ’ s behavior.

3. Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved Whitten Bentley DittmanSYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS5th Edition Chapter Map

4. Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved Whitten Bentley DittmanSYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS5th Edition Introduction to Object Modeling Object-oriented analysis (OOA) techniques are used to (1) study existing objects to see if they can be reused or adapted for new uses, and (2) define new or modified objects that will be combined with existing objects into a useful business computing application. Object modeling is a technique for identifying objects within the systems environment and the relationships between those objects.

5. Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved Whitten Bentley DittmanSYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS5th Edition Introduction to The UML The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a set of modeling conventions that is used to specify or describe a software system in terms of objects. – The UML does not prescribe a method for developing systems—only a notation that is now widely accepted as a standard for object modeling.

6. Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved Whitten Bentley DittmanSYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS5th Edition Objects, Attributes, & Instances An object is something that is or is capable of being seen, touched, or otherwise sensed, and about which users store data and associate behavior. Attributes are the data that represent characteristics of interest about an object.

7. Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved Whitten Bentley DittmanSYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS5th Edition Objects, Attributes, & Instances An instance (or object instance) of an object consists of the values for the attributes that describe a specific person, place, thing, or event. 412209:Customer customer number = 412209 last name =Bentley first name =Lonnie home phone =317-463-9593 street =2625 Darwin Dr. city =West Lafayette state =Indiana zipcode =47906 etc. 0256101329: Book ISBN = 0256101329 type = textbook title = Systems Analysis & Design Methods copyright = 1996 0256102219: Book ISBN = 0256102219 type = workbook title = Projects and Cases to Accompany SADM copyright = 1996 (a) (b)

8. Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved Whitten Bentley DittmanSYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS5th Edition Methods & Encapsulation Behavior refers to those things that the object can do and which correspond to functions that act on the object’s data (or attributes). –In object-oriented circles, an object’s behavior is commonly referred to as a method or service. Encapsulation is the packaging of several items together into one unit.

9. Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved Whitten Bentley DittmanSYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS5th Edition Object Classes A class is a set of objects that share common attributes and behavior. A class is sometimes referred to as an object class. Open() Close() ISBN type title copyright Book Customer customer number last name first name home phone street city state zipcode etc. changeAddress()

10. Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved Whitten Bentley DittmanSYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS5th Edition Inheritance Inheritance means that methods and/or attributes defined in an object class can be inherited or reused by another object class.

11. Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved Whitten Bentley DittmanSYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS5th Edition Generalization/Specialization Generalization/specialization is a technique wherein the attributes and behaviors that are common to several types of object classes are grouped into their own class, called a supertype. The attributes and methods of the supertype object class are then inherited by those object classes.

12. Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved Whitten Bentley DittmanSYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS5th Edition Supertypes & Subtypes A class supertype is an object class whose instances store attributes that are common to one or more class subtypes of the object. A class subtype is an object class whose instances inherit some common attributes from a class supertype, and then add other attributes that are unique to an instance of the subtype. Person Class (supertype) Student Class (subtype) Teacher Class (subtype) Student AStudent BStudent C Teacher ATeacher B

13. Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved Whitten Bentley DittmanSYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS5th Edition UML Representation of Generalization/Specialization walk() jump() talk() sleep() eat() etc.() last name first name birthdate gender Person enroll() displayGPA() GPA classification Student lecture() rank Teacher Arrowhead indicates generalization/specialization relationship

14. Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved Whitten Bentley DittmanSYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS5th Edition Object/Class Relationships An object/class relationship is a natural business association that exists between one or more objects/classes. 0..* CustomerOrder Places

15. Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved Whitten Bentley DittmanSYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS5th Edition Multiplicity Multiplicity defines how many instances of one object/class can be associated with one instance of another object/class.

16. Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved Whitten Bentley DittmanSYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS5th Edition Sample UML Multiplicity Notations

17. Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved Whitten Bentley DittmanSYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS5th Edition Book Cover Table of Contents ChapterIndex Page Paragraph Word 11..*0..1 1..* 0..* 1..* Solid diamond indicates composition aggregation relationship UML Example of a Composite Aggregation Relationship

18. Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved Whitten Bentley DittmanSYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS5th Edition Team Player 0..* Hollow diamond indicates Shared aggregation relationship UML Example of a Shared Aggregation Relationship

19. Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved Whitten Bentley DittmanSYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS5th Edition Messages A message is passed when one object invokes one or more of another object's methods (behaviors) to request information or some action Customer add order modify order delete order display status etc. order number order date order status etc. Order display order status of order 23161 MESSAGE REQUEST (containing name of request behavior and attribute needed by ORDER)

20. Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved Whitten Bentley DittmanSYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS5th Edition Polymorphism Polymorphism means “many forms.” Applied to object- oriented techniques, it means that a behavior may be completed differently for different objects/classes.

21. Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved Whitten Bentley DittmanSYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS5th Edition UML Diagrams Use Case Class Object Sequence Collaboration

22. Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved Whitten Bentley DittmanSYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS5th Edition UML Diagrams (continued) State Activity Component Deployment