1. 23 and 25 October, 2006 Chapter 16 Regulation in Prokaryotes

2. Overview Transcriptional initiation is the most common point to regulate gene expression. Any of the events of initiation, including polymerase binding and open complex formation may be regulated either positively or negatively. Regulation is accomplished by sequence-specific DNA binding proteins. Binding may be promoter proximal or at a distance. DNA footprinting and mobility shift assays are used to investigate the binding of regulatory proteins. In the E. coli lac operon, there are both repressors and activators, each of which is allosterically regulated. Many regulatory systems control a large number of genes and operons, like the catabolite repression and heat shock regulons. NtrC is regulated by covalent modification, binds at a distance, and hydrolyzes ATP to pronmote open complex formation. MerR activates transcription by twisting the promoter. Riboswitches regulate transcription or translation without protein mediators. Phage lambda uses alternative regulatory systems to control lytic or lysogenic growth. Repressor and Cro compete to determine lytic or lysogenic growth, in response to the stability of the CII protein. Downstream regulation in lambda involves antitermination.

3. Activators and repressors may regulate binding of polymerase.

4. Some activators regulate open complex formation.

5. Cooperative Binding and Transcriptional Regulation at a Distance

6. The lac operon

7. lac operon regulation

8. Control Regions and lac Operator Half-sites

9. RNA polymerase can form open complexes even in the presence of the LacI protein.

10. RNA polymerase interacts with promoter and CAP

11. Helix-turn-helix Interactions with DNA

12. CAP bends DNA

13. Activator Bypass

14. Lac repressor binds as a tetramer

15. Genetic experiments with partial diploids elucidated the ideas behind regulation of gene expression.

16. Regulation by Alternative  -Factors

17. Regulation of GlnA by  -54 and NtrC.

18. NtrC Acts at a Distance

19. MerR Regulation

20. AraC Regulation

21. Arabinose relaxes loops, and the loops reform in the absence of competitor.

22. Regulation of the trp operon

23. Tryptophan Interaction with Trp Repressor

24. Attenuation

25. Ribosomal proteins regulate their own translation.

26. Riboswitches regulate gene expression without regulatory proteins.

27. Phage lambda

28. Lambda Genome

29. Lambda Control Region

30. Lambda Repressor and Binding Sites

31. Cooperative Binding

32. Cooperative and Non-Cooperative Binding

33. Lambda Regulation

34. Negative Autoregulation

35. DNA Looping Between two lac operators

36. CII Control of the Lytic / Lysogenic Decision

37. N and Q Antiterminators

38. int Regulation

40. Title