1. Dean Karlen University of Victoria & TRIUMF APS NW Section Meeting 2005 Victoria, Canada

2. May 13, 2005The International Linear Collider / Dean Karlen, UVic & TRIUMF 2 The International Linear Collider Next in the line of e + e - colliders at the high energy frontier of particle physics Next in the line of e + e - colliders at the high energy frontier of particle physics SLAC/SLC CERN/LEP

3. May 13, 2005The International Linear Collider / Dean Karlen, UVic & TRIUMF 3 e  e  colliders at the frontier Z 0 threshold W + W  threshold tt threshold HZ 0 threshold? dark matter threshold?

4. May 13, 2005The International Linear Collider / Dean Karlen, UVic & TRIUMF 4 Why Linear? $ circular colliders linear colliders A circular 500 GeV machine would be 170 km around and consume 45 GW

5. May 13, 2005The International Linear Collider / Dean Karlen, UVic & TRIUMF 5 “High Energy” Particle Physics Increasing the collision energy allows for new fundamental processes to be observed and probes matter and space at smaller distance scales Increasing the collision energy allows for new fundamental processes to be observed and probes matter and space at smaller distance scales The two main HEP tools in the past 3 decades: proton colliders and electron colliders The two main HEP tools in the past 3 decades: proton colliders and electron colliders protons are more easily accelerated to high energies because they radiate less synchrotron radiation in a circular accelerator protons are more easily accelerated to high energies because they radiate less synchrotron radiation in a circular accelerator electron interactions are more easily studied because the initial state is simpler electron interactions are more easily studied because the initial state is simpler both tools have been essential to advance our knowledge of fundamental physics: both tools have been essential to advance our knowledge of fundamental physics: discoveries of new phenomena discoveries of new phenomena testing models that account for these phenomena testing models that account for these phenomena

6. May 13, 2005The International Linear Collider / Dean Karlen, UVic & TRIUMF 6 Interplay of proton and electron colliders proton colliders proton colliders electron colliders electron colliders 1980’s: SppS discovery of the Z 0, W , W  1990’s: LEP/SLC detailed investigation of Z 0, W , W  production indirect influence of top quark – definitive prediction of its mass indirect influence of Higgs boson – mass estimated 2010’s: ILC detailed study of the Higgs detailed study of dark matter 2000’s: LHC discovery of the Higgs boson? discovery of the dark matter particle? 1990’s: Tevatron discovery of the top quark

7. May 13, 2005The International Linear Collider / Dean Karlen, UVic & TRIUMF 7 Linear Collider Physics: I The electromagnetic and weak forces are now known to arise from a unifying symmetry in nature The electromagnetic and weak forces are now known to arise from a unifying symmetry in nature This was most precisely demonstrated by the LEP/SLC experiments This was most precisely demonstrated by the LEP/SLC experiments The symmetry between the electromagnetic and weak forces is broken (weak bosons are heavy) The symmetry between the electromagnetic and weak forces is broken (weak bosons are heavy) The Higgs model is an ad hoc component of the Standard Model that describes why the symmetry is broken The Higgs model is an ad hoc component of the Standard Model that describes why the symmetry is broken it seems to work for low energy processes but falls apart at high energies it seems to work for low energy processes but falls apart at high energies the model predicts that a new particle exists (the Higgs boson) with definite properties the model predicts that a new particle exists (the Higgs boson) with definite properties the ILC will be able to make a large variety of precision measurements that will provide critical data to understand the real nature of electroweak symmetry breaking the ILC will be able to make a large variety of precision measurements that will provide critical data to understand the real nature of electroweak symmetry breaking

8. May 13, 2005The International Linear Collider / Dean Karlen, UVic & TRIUMF 8 The golden processes At LEP, the golden processes for studying the electroweak sector were: At LEP, the golden processes for studying the electroweak sector were: At the ILC, the golden processes for studying the Higgs sector are: At the ILC, the golden processes for studying the Higgs sector are: LEP beam energies were not sufficiently high enough for these process to occur LEP beam energies were not sufficiently high enough for these process to occur

9. May 13, 2005The International Linear Collider / Dean Karlen, UVic & TRIUMF 9 Higgs production at a LC

10. May 13, 2005The International Linear Collider / Dean Karlen, UVic & TRIUMF 10

11. May 13, 2005The International Linear Collider / Dean Karlen, UVic & TRIUMF 11 Linear Collider Physics: II From astrophysical observations, it appears that ~25% of the Universe is “Dark Matter” From astrophysical observations, it appears that ~25% of the Universe is “Dark Matter” neutral, stable, cold (massive), non-baryonic neutral, stable, cold (massive), non-baryonic new physics – a new (conserved) quantum number? new physics – a new (conserved) quantum number? production and detection of dark matter particles at future colliders would be very exciting! production and detection of dark matter particles at future colliders would be very exciting! One possible explanation arises in a model of particle physics known as “supersymmetry” One possible explanation arises in a model of particle physics known as “supersymmetry” in this model, all particles have supersymmetric partners (sparticles) – the lightest would be stable in this model, all particles have supersymmetric partners (sparticles) – the lightest would be stable

12. May 13, 2005The International Linear Collider / Dean Karlen, UVic & TRIUMF 12 Dark Matter at the ILC? There are strong hints that the dark matter could be produced at the ILC There are strong hints that the dark matter could be produced at the ILC Supersymmetric models generally favour sparticle masses below ~ 1 TeV Supersymmetric models generally favour sparticle masses below ~ 1 TeV The dark matter density is consistent with a neutral particle having “weak” strength couplings The dark matter density is consistent with a neutral particle having “weak” strength couplings The LHC has the best chance to discover the supersymmetric particles The LHC has the best chance to discover the supersymmetric particles the signature: a large amount of energy is taken away by invisible particles the signature: a large amount of energy is taken away by invisible particles challenging study at LHC: initial state is not well known, final state involves at least two DM particles challenging study at LHC: initial state is not well known, final state involves at least two DM particles The ILC offers the ability to study them in detail The ILC offers the ability to study them in detail

13. May 13, 2005The International Linear Collider / Dean Karlen, UVic & TRIUMF 13 Consensus in the HEP community Given the broad range of fundamental physics questions that it addresses, the HEP community sees the ILC to be the next step that is needed to advance the field Given the broad range of fundamental physics questions that it addresses, the HEP community sees the ILC to be the next step that is needed to advance the field over 2700 particle physicists have signed a document supporting the physics potential of the ILC over 2700 particle physicists have signed a document supporting the physics potential of the ILC the US DOE places the ILC as the top priority for mid- term new facilities the US DOE places the ILC as the top priority for mid- term new facilities committees for future accelerators in Asia and Europe also put the ILC as their first priority committees for future accelerators in Asia and Europe also put the ILC as their first priority

14. May 13, 2005The International Linear Collider / Dean Karlen, UVic & TRIUMF 14 Building the ILC Over the past decade, significant effort has gone into the necessary R&D to design a linear collider to reach the required specifications: Over the past decade, significant effort has gone into the necessary R&D to design a linear collider to reach the required specifications: Energy: 500 GeV – 1000 GeV Energy: 500 GeV – 1000 GeV requires RF cavities with a large accelerating gradient (>30 MeV/m) requires RF cavities with a large accelerating gradient (>30 MeV/m) Luminosity (density of collisions): > 10 34 cm  s  Luminosity (density of collisions): > 10 34 cm  s  requires large numbers of electrons (> 10 10 ) packed into very small bunches ( 10 4 s  ) requires large numbers of electrons (> 10 10 ) packed into very small bunches ( 10 4 s  )

15. May 13, 2005The International Linear Collider / Dean Karlen, UVic & TRIUMF 15 Building the ILC Two complete designs were prepared that met these requirements Two complete designs were prepared that met these requirements the key feature distinguishing them was the nature of the RF accelerating cavities: the key feature distinguishing them was the nature of the RF accelerating cavities: US + Japan – high frequency, room temperature US + Japan – high frequency, room temperature Germany – lower frequency, superconducting Germany – lower frequency, superconducting international technical review found both suitable international technical review found both suitable In 2004, an international committee charged with selecting one accelerating technology chose the superconducting option In 2004, an international committee charged with selecting one accelerating technology chose the superconducting option the world’s labs now work toward a single design the world’s labs now work toward a single design

16. May 13, 2005The International Linear Collider / Dean Karlen, UVic & TRIUMF 16 Superconducting accelerator cavities

17. May 13, 2005The International Linear Collider / Dean Karlen, UVic & TRIUMF 17 Possible Tunnel Layout Need a 30 km tunnel to reach energy goal Need a 30 km tunnel to reach energy goal

18. May 13, 2005The International Linear Collider / Dean Karlen, UVic & TRIUMF 18 Damping ring R&D ATF facility in Japan has demonstrated necessary reduction in emittance ATF facility in Japan has demonstrated necessary reduction in emittance

19. May 13, 2005The International Linear Collider / Dean Karlen, UVic & TRIUMF 19 Linear collider detector concepts LDC SiD GLD

20. May 13, 2005The International Linear Collider / Dean Karlen, UVic & TRIUMF 20 Linear collider detector challenges Compared to the LHC, the ILC environment is much less severe, but the performance requirements are much more demanding: Compared to the LHC, the ILC environment is much less severe, but the performance requirements are much more demanding: Vertexing:  ip ~ 5  m  10  m/(p sin 3/2  ) Vertexing:  ip ~ 5  m  10  m/(p sin 3/2  ) 1/5 r beampipe, 1/30 pixel area, 1/30 thickness c.f. LHC 1/5 r beampipe, 1/30 pixel area, 1/30 thickness c.f. LHC Tracking:  (1/p t ) ~ 5 ×10 -5 GeV -1 Tracking:  (1/p t ) ~ 5 ×10 -5 GeV -1 1/10 of LHC. 1/6 material in tracking volume 1/10 of LHC. 1/6 material in tracking volume Calorimetry:  E ~ 0.3  E Calorimetry:  E ~ 0.3  E 1/200 granularity of calorimeter c.f. LHC 1/200 granularity of calorimeter c.f. LHC

21. May 13, 2005The International Linear Collider / Dean Karlen, UVic & TRIUMF 21 Vertex detector Precise Si pixel detectors near the collision point Precise Si pixel detectors near the collision point to detect the displaced vertex of particles coming from the decay of a particle with a very short lifetime (less than 10  s) to detect the displaced vertex of particles coming from the decay of a particle with a very short lifetime (less than 10  s) examples: charm, bottom quarks, tau leptons examples: charm, bottom quarks, tau leptons

22. May 13, 2005The International Linear Collider / Dean Karlen, UVic & TRIUMF 22 Tracking detector

23. May 13, 2005The International Linear Collider / Dean Karlen, UVic & TRIUMF 23 Tracking challenge Example: Higgs recoil mass Example: Higgs recoil mass  (1/p t ) ~ 5 ×10 -5 GeV -1 is necessary!

24. May 13, 2005The International Linear Collider / Dean Karlen, UVic & TRIUMF 24 Tracking technology Two technologies considered: Si (few precise measuring layers) or gas (continuous) Two technologies considered: Si (few precise measuring layers) or gas (continuous) Gas tracker: Time projection chamber Gas tracker: Time projection chamber to achieve resolution goal requires an advance in TPC technology to achieve resolution goal requires an advance in TPC technology see talk by Gabe Rosenbaum this afternoon (B2) see talk by Gabe Rosenbaum this afternoon (B2)

25. May 13, 2005The International Linear Collider / Dean Karlen, UVic & TRIUMF 25 Calorimeter

26. May 13, 2005The International Linear Collider / Dean Karlen, UVic & TRIUMF 26 Jet Energy Resolution Requirements Goal: distinguish W and Z when they decay into quarks Goal: distinguish W and Z when they decay into quarks requires excellent jet energy resolution,  E ~ 30%  E requires excellent jet energy resolution,  E ~ 30%  E example:

27. May 13, 2005The International Linear Collider / Dean Karlen, UVic & TRIUMF 27 Calorimeter technology To reach resolution goal requires narrow showers and fine segmentation: Si + W To reach resolution goal requires narrow showers and fine segmentation: Si + W Iron Tungsten

28. May 13, 2005The International Linear Collider / Dean Karlen, UVic & TRIUMF 28 Bringing the ILC into reality An international structure has been set up to complete the global design of the ILC An international structure has been set up to complete the global design of the ILC Leader of the Global Design Effort: Barry Barish Leader of the Global Design Effort: Barry Barish ILCSC Global Design Effort Asia Regional Team N. American Regional Team European Regional Team Participating Labs and Universities Participating Labs and Universities Participating Labs and Universities

29. May 13, 2005The International Linear Collider / Dean Karlen, UVic & TRIUMF 29 ILC timescale 2005: 2005: GDE put together GDE put together Detector concept groups in formation Detector concept groups in formation 2006: 2006: GDE to prepare the ILC Conceptual Design GDE to prepare the ILC Conceptual Design Detector concept groups to prepare outlines Detector concept groups to prepare outlines 2007/8: 2007/8: GDE to complete the ILC Technical Design GDE to complete the ILC Technical Design Detector concepts complete Conceptual Designs Detector concepts complete Conceptual Designs 2008/9: 2008/9: Site selection, government approvals, begin construction Site selection, government approvals, begin construction Detector collaborations form Detector collaborations form 2015?: 2015?: earliest start of experimental program earliest start of experimental program

30. May 13, 2005The International Linear Collider / Dean Karlen, UVic & TRIUMF 30 Summary The physics case for a Linear Collider is very compelling The physics case for a Linear Collider is very compelling The technologies for the machine and the experiments are in hand The technologies for the machine and the experiments are in hand The international HEP community is solidly behind the project and is working together to bring it to reality! The international HEP community is solidly behind the project and is working together to bring it to reality! For more information see: For more information see: www.linearcollider.org www.linearcollider.ca