1. Slide 1 Alexander and the Macedonian System Major Carlos Rascon

2. Slide 2 Introduction Alexander the Great inherited the most powerful military organization of his time due to the innovations made by his father Philip of Macedon. Under his rule Philip made the military a way of life for many Macedonian men by making the military a full time occupation. He was able to drill his men regularly, building unity and cohesion within the army. This presentation focuses on the innovations made by Philip to the Macedon army that allowed his son to advance the Macedon Empire and Greek culture as far as India. Alexander the Great inherited the most powerful military organization of his time due to the innovations made by his father Philip of Macedon. Under his rule Philip made the military a way of life for many Macedonian men by making the military a full time occupation. He was able to drill his men regularly, building unity and cohesion within the army. This presentation focuses on the innovations made by Philip to the Macedon army that allowed his son to advance the Macedon Empire and Greek culture as far as India.

3. Slide 3 Learning Objectives Know the improvements made to the Macedon Army by Philip of Macedon( light and heavy infantry, phalanx, cavalry and artillery). Know the improvements made to the Macedon Army by Philip of Macedon( light and heavy infantry, phalanx, cavalry and artillery). Know the strategies employed by Alexander in defeating the Persian sea power and on land. Know the strategies employed by Alexander in defeating the Persian sea power and on land. Know the tactics employed by Alexander at the Battle of Issus and Arbela. Know the tactics employed by Alexander at the Battle of Issus and Arbela.

4. Slide 4 Source Jones, The Art of War in the Western World, pp. 21- 54, 57- 62 Jones, The Art of War in the Western World, pp. 21- 54, 57- 62 Preston, Roland & Wise, Men in Arms, pp. 22 – 28 Preston, Roland & Wise, Men in Arms, pp. 22 – 28 The Great Homepage of Alexander. The Great Homepage of Alexander.

5. Slide 5 Philip of Macedon Created standing (full-time) army Created standing (full-time) army Introduced flanking maneuver in the form of heavy cavalry. Introduced flanking maneuver in the form of heavy cavalry. Linked heavy cavalry and heavy infantry (phalanx) with light infantry on flanks. Linked heavy cavalry and heavy infantry (phalanx) with light infantry on flanks. Introduced the use of artillery; in the ballista and catapult. Introduced the use of artillery; in the ballista and catapult. Assassinated in 336 B.C. Assassinated in 336 B.C.

6. Slide 6 Infantry Improved the Phalanx by providing longer spear (Sarissa) about 21 ft long and increasing the depth from 8 to 16 ranks In battle formation. Improved the Phalanx by providing longer spear (Sarissa) about 21 ft long and increasing the depth from 8 to 16 ranks In battle formation. The Sarissa of the first five ranks protruded into an impenetrable hedge, while the remaining ranks grounded or carried their Sarissa at a 45 degree angle to deflect missiles from overhead. The Sarissa of the first five ranks protruded into an impenetrable hedge, while the remaining ranks grounded or carried their Sarissa at a 45 degree angle to deflect missiles from overhead. Video 5 min (Phalanx) Video 5 min (Phalanx)

7. Slide 7 Macedonian Phalanx

8. Slide 8 Infantry On level ground this mobile force was invincible when it bore down with locked shields and bristling points. On level ground this mobile force was invincible when it bore down with locked shields and bristling points. But formation had weaknesses. Its flanks and rear were open to attack, but it was better able to maneuver over rough terrain than previous phalanxes. But formation had weaknesses. Its flanks and rear were open to attack, but it was better able to maneuver over rough terrain than previous phalanxes.

9. Slide 9 Infantry As a remedy for both defects, Philip built up a supporting light infantry thatAs a remedy for both defects, Philip built up a supporting light infantry that - protected the wings of the phalanx, lending mobility as well as defense. - consisted of mainly peltasts (lightly armored pikemen) but also included archers, slingers, and javelin men.

10. Slide 10 Infantry The light infantry served as a link between the slower moving phalanx and the faster moving cavalry. The light infantry served as a link between the slower moving phalanx and the faster moving cavalry. This “hinge” was essential to an advance in oblique order, for without it, contact between the cavalry and phalanx would almost certainly be lost. This “hinge” was essential to an advance in oblique order, for without it, contact between the cavalry and phalanx would almost certainly be lost.

11. Slide 11 Cavalry The cavalry had been the weakness of Greek Army. The cavalry had been the weakness of Greek Army. Philip made it the strength of his Army. Philip made it the strength of his Army. He organized his nobles into a bodyguard called the “companions” which became the hammer of Macedonian battle tactics (envelopment). He organized his nobles into a bodyguard called the “companions” which became the hammer of Macedonian battle tactics (envelopment).

12. Slide 12 Cavalry In support, Philip formed troops of light horsemen trained for scouting, skirmishing, and screening In support, Philip formed troops of light horsemen trained for scouting, skirmishing, and screening –The organization of the Phalanx was remarkably like that of a modern army –Tetrarchia (Platoon) - 64 Men –Taxiarchia (Company) - 128 Men –Syntagma (Battalion) - 256 Men –Chiliarchia (Regiment) - 1024 Men

13. Slide 13 Cavalry

14. Slide 14 Artillery Philip also developed the first artillery arm of the ancient world. The use of “Engines of War” had been confined to siege craft until the Macedonian King saw larger possibilities Philip also developed the first artillery arm of the ancient world. The use of “Engines of War” had been confined to siege craft until the Macedonian King saw larger possibilities –The “War Engines” fell into two categories –Ballista –Catapult, or Howitzer

15. Slide 15 Ballista Ancient fieldpiece, operated on the principle of tension. Simply a magnified crossbow stretched by a windlass. The projectile was usually a spear. Ancient fieldpiece, operated on the principle of tension. Simply a magnified crossbow stretched by a windlass. The projectile was usually a spear.

16. Slide 16 Catapult Howitzer, Operated by means of torsion, its long upright arm terminated in a “spoon” or “cup”. The opposite end was entwined in heavy cords secured to posts. These cords were twisted by winches until the arm was at the desired angle. The catapult was used to hurl a missile high in the air for purposes of clearing a wall or hill.

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18. Slide 18 Staff System The details of the Macedonian staff system are not well-known but must have been quite thorough and extensive.The details of the Macedonian staff system are not well-known but must have been quite thorough and extensive. Command was exercised by voice, by trumpet, and by spear movementCommand was exercised by voice, by trumpet, and by spear movement Long range communications were accomplished by smoke signals or fire beacons.Long range communications were accomplished by smoke signals or fire beacons.

19. Slide 19 Army Composition Philip had formed the first national standing army, its strength made up of:Philip had formed the first national standing army, its strength made up of: Citizens owing military serviceCitizens owing military service Volunteers from the nobilityVolunteers from the nobility Auxiliary troops from tributary statesAuxiliary troops from tributary states Mercenaries employed for some special skillMercenaries employed for some special skill

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21. Slide 21 Alexander the Great Son of Philip of Macedon, conqueror of Greece. Son of Philip of Macedon, conqueror of Greece. –Led from the front. Frequently wounded; regarded as invincible. Frequently wounded; regarded as invincible. Knowing he would be unable to defeat the Persian navy at sea, he seized their ports. Knowing he would be unable to defeat the Persian navy at sea, he seized their ports. Advanced empire and Greek culture as far as India. Advanced empire and Greek culture as far as India.

22. Slide 22 Alexander’s Empire

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24. Slide 24 Battle at Issus- Background As soon as Alexander learned of this, he doubled back to battle the Persians. As soon as Alexander learned of this, he doubled back to battle the Persians. Alexander’s army of 30,000 now faced Darius with 100,000 on a narrow coastal plain Alexander’s army of 30,000 now faced Darius with 100,000 on a narrow coastal plain

25. Slide 25 Battle at Issus- Background Darius had assembled an army to the East of the Amanus Mountains. Darius had assembled an army to the East of the Amanus Mountains. Upon learning that Alexander was advancing Southward along the coast, Darius crossed the Amanus Range, came down to Issus and cut Alexander’s line of communication Upon learning that Alexander was advancing Southward along the coast, Darius crossed the Amanus Range, came down to Issus and cut Alexander’s line of communication

26. Slide 26 Battle of Issus - Alexander’s Plan Battle of Issus - Alexander’s Plan Battle of Issus - Alexander’s Plan Because of the tremendous disparity in numbers, Alexander planned to attack the Persian left with his companion cavalry and Hypaspists (light infantry) Because of the tremendous disparity in numbers, Alexander planned to attack the Persian left with his companion cavalry and Hypaspists (light infantry) The remainder of his forces would be echeloned to his left rear The remainder of his forces would be echeloned to his left rear The Thessalian Cavalry would guard his left flank against the Persian Cavalry The Thessalian Cavalry would guard his left flank against the Persian Cavalry

27. Slide 27 Battle of Issus In a preliminary action he drove back Persian covering force in the foothills In a preliminary action he drove back Persian covering force in the foothills The leading echelons of the Phalanx were briefly in trouble when the Persian center counterattacked while they were crossing the stream The leading echelons of the Phalanx were briefly in trouble when the Persian center counterattacked while they were crossing the stream Alexander’s cavalry assault smashed the Persian left, then with the Hypastists, he wheeled Westward into the exposed Persian center Alexander’s cavalry assault smashed the Persian left, then with the Hypastists, he wheeled Westward into the exposed Persian center

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29. Slide 29 Battle of Issus The Macedonian center renewed their efforts. The Macedonian center renewed their efforts. The Persian Cavalry on Darius’ right had crossed the Pinarus river, only to be repulsed by the Thessalians and the left of the Phalanx. The Persian Cavalry on Darius’ right had crossed the Pinarus river, only to be repulsed by the Thessalians and the left of the Phalanx.

30. Slide 30 Battle of Issus As his center crumbled, Darius fled, immediately followed by his panic-stricken survivors As his center crumbled, Darius fled, immediately followed by his panic-stricken survivors Alexander pursued briefly, they returned to his original plan of securing the seacoast Alexander pursued briefly, they returned to his original plan of securing the seacoast –Losses –Persian - in excess of 50,000 –Macedonian - less than 1,000

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32. Slide 32 Battle of Arbela, 331 B.C. One of 15 decisive battles in history?? One of 15 decisive battles in history?? First documented use of reserve. First documented use of reserve. Posted light cavalry and infantry on flanks to prevent envelopment. Posted light cavalry and infantry on flanks to prevent envelopment. –Persians attempted to maneuver, but created a gap in their lines. –Alexander personally led cavalry charge. –Darius fled; panic spread from the center to the whole army.

33. Slide 33 Battle of Arbela - Background After seizing Tyre, Alexander moved South and West seizing Egypt and completing his control of the Eastern Mediterranean Seaboard After seizing Tyre, Alexander moved South and West seizing Egypt and completing his control of the Eastern Mediterranean Seaboard –Learning of Darius’ assembling army in Mesopotamia, Alexander marched to meet him near Nineveh, about 70 miles west of Arbela –Darius’ Forces - about 200,000 –Alexander’s Forces - about 47,000

34. Slide 34 Battle of Arbela - Darius’ Plan His best troops, the Greek Mercenaries, had been almost destroyed at Issus. He was now relying mainly on his cavalry, chariots and elephants. He drew his forces up in two long deep lines with cavalry on each flank

35. Slide 35 Battle of Arbela - Darius’ Plan Numerous Scythe chariots lined the front of the entire army, with 15 elephants in front of the center. Numerous Scythe chariots lined the front of the entire army, with 15 elephants in front of the center. Darius had the plain to his front leveled, in order that his chariots could maneuver Darius had the plain to his front leveled, in order that his chariots could maneuver

36. Slide 36 Battle of Arbela - Alexander’s Plan Due to reconnaissance, Darius’ groundwork was noted; Alexander deduced the reason for it and planned to reduce the Persian advantage. Due to reconnaissance, Darius’ groundwork was noted; Alexander deduced the reason for it and planned to reduce the Persian advantage. One of his generals recommended a night attack. Alexander, apparently aware of the difficulties concerned, refused One of his generals recommended a night attack. Alexander, apparently aware of the difficulties concerned, refused

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38. Slide 38 Battle of Arbela Darius attempted to shift his forces to the left, at the same time launching some of his cavalry. This created gaps in the Persian line. Persian wings swept in to envelop the Macedonian flanks but were met and repulsed by Alexander’s flank reserves

39. Slide 39 Battle of Arbela Alexander noticed a gap near the left center of the Persian line and led his companions in a charge, followed by his Hypaspists. He smashed through the Persian line. Darius, in the path of Alexander’s charge, fled.

40. Slide 40 Battle at Arbela Darius attempted to shift his forces to the left, at the same time launching some of his cavalry. This created gaps in the Persian line. Persian wings swept in to envelop the Macedonian flanks but were met and repulsed by Alexander’s flank reserves

41. Slide 41 Battle at Arbela Panic spread from the Persian center, all along the left, and these forces crumbled Alexander’s left flank was hard pressed, so he immediately returned to the scene and routed the Persian forces

42. Slide 42 Battle at Arbela

43. Slide 43 Battle of Arbela Alexander now led his forces in a vigorous pursuit of the fleeing Persians. Alexander now led his forces in a vigorous pursuit of the fleeing Persians. Alexander’s losses - 500 killed and about 5,000 wounded. Alexander’s losses - 500 killed and about 5,000 wounded. Persian casualties were at least 50,000 Persian casualties were at least 50,000

44. Slide 44 Summary Philip of Macedon introduced Calvary, artillery and combined these elements on the battle field. Philip of Macedon introduced Calvary, artillery and combined these elements on the battle field. He also improved the phalanx formation, making it more effective. He also improved the phalanx formation, making it more effective. Alexander the great foreseeing the strength of the Persian Navy, seized Persian Ports. Alexander the great foreseeing the strength of the Persian Navy, seized Persian Ports. Under his command the Macedon Empire and the Greek Culture advanced as far as India. Under his command the Macedon Empire and the Greek Culture advanced as far as India.

45. Slide 45 Questions?

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