1. IS437: Fall 2004 Instructor: Dr. Boris Jukic Data Types, Constants, Variables, Scope, Conversion

2. Learning Objectives data types - variables and constants - scope & lifetime - declaration (option explicit, option strict) assignment - numeric - string - date some useful functions & controls - type conversion

3. Frequently-used data types integer short 2 bytes -32,768 to +32,767 integer 4 bytes about +/- 2 billion long 8 bytes a very large integer number real decimal 16 bytes 0 to 28 digits of accuracy single 4 bytes 38 to 45 digits of accuracy double 8 bytes 308 to 324 digits of accuracy Boolean 2 bytes true or false string 2 bytes for each character up to 2 billion Unicode characters date 8 bytes object 4 bytes

4. Constants Named constants: (programmer defined) e.g., const pi as single = 3.1415 const taxRate as single =0.07 Intrinsic constants: (system provided) e.g., Color.White Color.Blue Color.Red Color.Yellow Color.Green...

5. Structure of a VB Application Project (s) Form(s) Controls solution

6. Scope of variables & constants dim i as integer const m as short = 8 module-level (form): variables declared using the Private declaration private y as integer private const j as integer = 5 local (sub): variables declared using the Dim declaration project level variables: variables declared using the Public declaration Public z as integer Public const k as integer = 15 block (within a loop) For i = 0 to 3 dim k as integer … Next i

7. Lifetime of Variables -local: only alive during the execution of a procedure or a block of code -For temporary results/values - form-level: alive as long as the form remains loaded (typically the whole lifetime of a project) -(namespace) project : project -If values are to be preserved after the project itself is not active -External data depositories

8. Declaration of Variables & Constants “option explicit on” as default to enforce declaration Why is declaration a good idea? - e.g., dim monument as integer rebates = 345678 …. rebtaes = rebates + 75 ‘ the error will be detected if declaration is mandatory …. local declaration - e.g., Private Sub command1_click(…) … dim x as integer dim y const MARKUP as single = 0.14 … End sub

9. Declaration of Variables & Constants form-level declaration where? In a declaration section of the form private x, y, z as integer private const rstmsg as string = “Please Reset all Values ” project-level declaration where? I t is good practice to declare them all in a single module. (show in class) public x as integer public const COMP_NAME as string = “First Trust and Bank” public const MAX_BONUS as decimal = 11500

10. Variable Declaration

11. Project-level Declaration

12. Structure of a VB Application Project (s) Form(s) Controls code module - declare public var. & constants - utility procedures such as sort, etc. solution

13. Choosing the variable scope Choose the variable and constant scope as narrow as possible minimizes computational needs of the code Makes code more modular, divided into useful, independent components

14. Recommended Naming Conventions prefix integer integer int long lng real decimal dec single sng double dbl Boolean bln string str date dat Scope Prefix project g module (form) m local none For example: gstrCustomerName

15. Assignment (numeric) operators + addition - subtraction * multiplication / division ^ exponentiation \ integer division 5 \ 2 = 2 mod modulus 5 mod 2 = 1 e.g., a = (5 * 4) / 2

16. Assignment (string variable) empty string - e.g., dim x as string x = ““ text1.text = x assign one string to another - e.g., text2.text = text1.text string concatenation using “&” - e.g., dim firstname, lastname as string firstname = “John” lastname = “Smith” label1.text = firstname & “ “ & lastname concatenate with itself - e.g., dim name as string name = “Roberts” name = name & “ Rogers” John Smith

17. Assignment (Date) e.g., dim date1, date2 as Date date2 = #3-6-98 2:15# date2 = #March 6, 1998 2:15 pm# date2 = #14:15# date1 = “1/20/97” with option strict off date1 = “2:12 am” with option strict off

18. Option Strict “Option Strict Off” is the default setting. Change the setting by typing “Option Strict On” at the top of the code window. With “Option Strict On”, the system strictly enforces data type checking.  Data conversion from “wider” to “narrower” data type is not allowed  Conversion between string and numeric types is not allowed  This prevent many hard to find bugs and execution errors

19. Option Strict With “Option Strict Off”, it is okay to write: Dim s as string, i as single s = “34” i = s / 2 With “Option Strict On”, the code above will generate an error message: Option Strict On disallows implicit conversion from string to single.

20. Widening & narrowing Option Strict Off Option Strict On Widening OK Narrowing OK, but may result in over- flow exception in runtime No Widening: store a variable value into another variable with greater precision or magnitude Narrowing: the reverse Dim i as integer Dim j as long i = 35 j = i Widening

21. Narrowing (Option Strict Off) Dim i As Integer ‘4-bytes Dim j As Long ‘8-bytes j = 3000000000 i = j The above code will generate a runtime exception, but not a warning in design time.

22. Data type conversion functions CStr string CInt integer CLng long CSng single CDbl double CDec decimal CDate date … Convert its argument toFunction Dim x as integer Dim s as string x = 5 s = CStr(x) s = “5” Dim d as date Dim s as string s = “01/15/2003” d = CDate(s) d = #01/15/2002#