1. 1 Chapter 3 Topics Constants of Type int and float l Evaluating Arithmetic Expressions l Implicit Type Coercion and Explicit Type Conversion l Calling a Value-Returning Function l Using Function Arguments l Using C++ Library Functions in Expressions l Calling a Void Function l C++ Manipulators to Format Output String Operations length, find, substr

2. 2 C++ Simple Data Types simple types integralfloating char short int long bool enum float double long double unsigned

3. 3 Scientific Notation 2.7E4 means 2.7 x 10 4 = 2.7000 = 27000.0 2.7E-4 means 2.7 x 10 - 4 = 0002.7 = 0.00027

4. 4 More About Floating Point Values l floating point numbers have an integer part and a fractional part, with a decimal point in between. Either the integer part or the fractional part, but not both, may be missing EXAMPLES 18.4 500..8 -127.358 l alternatively, floating point values can have an exponent, as in scientific notation--the number preceding the letter E doesn’t need to include a decimal point EXAMPLES 1.84E1 5E2 8E-1 -.127358E3

5. 5 Division Operator l the result of the division operator depends on the type of its operands l if one or both operands has a floating point type, the result is a floating point type. Otherwise, the result is an integer type l Examples 11 / 4 has value 2 11.0 / 4.0 has value 2.75 11 / 4.0 has value 2.75

6. 6 Main returns an int value to the operating system //*************************************************************************** // FreezeBoil program // This program computes the midpoint between // the freezing and boiling points of water //*************************************************************************** #include using namespace std; const float FREEZE_PT = 32.0 ; // Freezing point of water const float BOIL_PT = 212.0 ; // Boiling point of water int main ( ) { float avgTemp ; // Holds the result of averaging // FREEZE_PT and BOIL_PT

7. 7 Function main Continued cout << “Water freezes at “ << FREEZE_PT << endl ; cout << “ and boils at “ << BOIL_PT << “ degrees.” << endl ; avgTemp = FREEZE_PT + BOIL_PT ; avgTemp = avgTemp / 2.0 ; cout << “Halfway between is “ ; cout << avgTemp << “ degrees.” << endl ; return 0 ; }

8. 8 Modulus Operator l the modulus operator % can only be used with integer type operands and always has an integer type result l its result is the integer type remainder of an integer division EXAMPLE 11 % 4 has value 3 because ) 4 11 R = ?

9. 9 More C++ Operators 8 int age; age = 8; age = age + 1; age 9

10. 10 PREFIX FORM Increment Operator 8 int age; age = 8; ++age; age 9

11. 11 POSTFIX FORM Increment Operator 8 int age; age = 8; age++; age 9

12. 12 Decrement Operator 100 int dogs; dogs = 100; dogs--; dogs 99 dogs

13. 13 Which Form to Use l when the increment (or decrement) operator is used in a “stand alone” statement solely to add one (or subtract one) from a variable’s value, it can be used in either prefix or postfix form dogs-- ; --dogs ; USE EITHER

14. 14 BUT... l when the increment (or decrement) operator is used in a statement with other operators, the prefix and postfix forms can yield different results WE’LL SEE HOW LATER...

15. 15 What is an Expression in C++? l An expression is a valid arrangement of variables, constants, and operators. l in C++ each expression can be evaluated to compute a value of a given type l the value of the expression 9.3 * 4.5 is 41.85

16. 16 Operators can be binaryinvolving 2 operands 2 + 3 unaryinvolving 1 operand- 3 ternary involving 3 operands later

17. 17 Some C++ Operators Precedence OperatorDescription Higher ( )Function call +Positive - Negative *Multiplication / Division % Modulus (remainder) +Addition - Subtraction Lower = Assignment

18. 18 Precedence l higher Precedence determines which operator is applied first in an expression having several operators

19. 19 Associativity l left to right Associativity means that in an expression having 2 operators with the same priority, the left operator is applied first l in C++ the binary operators *, /, %, +, - are all left associative l expression 9 - 5 - 1 means ( 9 - 5 ) - 1 4 - 1 3

20. 20 7 * 10 - 5 % 3 * 4 + 9 means (7 * 10) - 5 % 3 * 4 + 9 70 - 5 % 3 * 4 + 9 70 - (5 % 3) * 4 + 9 70 - 2 * 4 + 9 70 - ( 2 * 4 ) + 9 70 - 8 + 9 ( 70 - 8 ) + 9 62 + 9 71 Evaluate the Expression

21. 21 Parentheses l parentheses can be used to change the usual order l parts in ( ) are evaluated first evaluate (7 * (10 - 5) % 3) * 4 + 9 ( 7 * 5 % 3 ) * 4 + 9 ( 35 % 3 ) * 4 + 9 2 * 4 + 9 8 + 9 17

22. 22 Mileage Program /* This program computes miles per gallon given four amounts for gallons used, and starting and ending mileage. Constants: The gallon amounts for four fillups. The starting mileage. The ending mileage. Output (screen) The calculated miles per gallon. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -*/ #include using namespace std;

23. 23 C++ Code Continued const float AMT1 = 11.7 ; // Number of gallons for fillup 1 const float AMT2 = 14.3 ; // Number of gallons for fillup 2 const float AMT3 = 12.2 ; // Number of gallons for fillup 3 const float AMT4 = 8.5 ; // Number of gallons for fillup 4 const float START_MILES = 67308.0 ; // Starting mileage const float END_MILES = 68750.5 ; // Ending mileage int main( ) { float mpg ; // Computed miles per gallon mpg = (END_MILES - START_MILES) / (AMT1 + AMT2 + AMT3 + AMT4) ;

24. 24 Main returns an int value to the operating system cout << “For the gallon amounts “ << endl ; cout << AMT1 << ‘ ‘ << AMT2 << ‘ ‘ << AMT3 << ‘ ‘ << AMT4 << endl ; cout << “and a starting mileage of “ << START_MILES << endl ; cout << “and an ending mileage of “ << END_MILES << endl ; cout << “the mileage per gallon is “ << mpg << endl ; return 0; }

25. 25 Variable = Expression l first, Expression on right is evaluated l then the resulting value is stored in the memory location of Variable on left NOTE: An automatic type coercion occurs after evaluation but before the value is stored if the types differ for Expression and Variable Assignment Operator Syntax

26. 26 What value is stored? float a; float b; a = 8.5; b = 9.37; a = b; a b a b 8.5 9.37 ? ?

27. 27 What is stored? ? float someFloat; someFloat someFloat = 12; // causes implicit type conversion someFloat 12.0

28. 28 What is stored? ? int someInt; someInt someInt = 4.8; // causes implicit type conversion someInt 4

29. 29 Type Casting is Explicit Conversion of Type int(4.8) has value4 float(5)has value5.0 float(7/4)has value1.0 float(7) / float(4)has value1.75

30. 30 Some Expressions int age; EXAMPLEVALUE age = 8 8 - age- 8 5 + 813 5 / 8 0 6.0 / 5.01.2 float ( 4 / 8 )0.0 float ( 4 ) / 80.5 cout << “How old are you?” cout cin >> agecin cout << agecout

31. 31 What values are stored? float loCost; float hiCost; loCost = 12.342; hiCost = 12.348; loCost = float (int (loCost * 100.0 + 0.5) ) / 100.0; hiCost = float (int (hiCost * 100.0 + 0.5) ) / 100.0;

32. 32 Values were rounded to 2 decimal places 12.34 hiCost 12.35 loCost

33. 33 Function Concept in Math f ( x ) = 5 x - 3 When x = 1, f ( x ) = 2 is the returned value. When x = 4, f ( x ) = 17 is the returned value. Returned value is determined by the function definition and by the values of any parameters. Name of function Parameter of function Function definition

34. 34 Functions l every C program must have a function called main l program execution always begins with function main l any other functions are subprograms and must be called

35. 35 Function Calls l one function calls another by using the name of the called function together with ( ) containing an argument list l a function call temporarily transfers control from the calling function to the called function

36. 36 What is in a block? { 0 or more statements here }

37. 37 Every C++ function has 2 parts int main ( ) heading { body block return 0; }

38. 38 Shortest C++ Program int main ( ) { return 0; } type of returned value name of function

39. 39 More About Functions l it is not considered good practice for the body block of function main to be long l function calls are used to do tasks l every C++ function has a return type l if the return type is not void, the function returns a value to the calling block

40. 40 Where are functions? located in libraries OR written by programmers

41. 41 HEADER FILE FUNCTION EXAMPLE VALUE OF CALL fabs(x) fabs(-6.4) 6.4 pow(x,y) pow(2.0,3.0) 8.0 sqrt(x) sqrt(100.0) 10.0 setprecision(n) setprecision(3) log(x) log(2.0).693147 sqrt(x) sqrt(2.0) 1.41421 abs(i) abs(-6) 6

42. 42 Write C++ Expressions for The square root of b 2 - 4ac sqrt ( b * b - 4.0 * a * c ) The square root of the average of myAge and yourAge sqrt ( ( myAge + yourAge ) / 2 )

43. 43 Program with Several Functions main function Square function Cube function

44. 44 Program with Three Functions #include int Square( int ); // declares these functions int Cube( int ); using namespace std ; int main( ) { cout << “The square of 27 is “ << Square(27) << endl;// function call cout << “The cube of 27 is “ << Cube(27) << endl; // function call return 0; }

45. 45 Rest of Program int Square( int n ) // header and body here { return n * n; } int Cube( int n )// header and body here { return n * n * n; }

46. 46 Function Call l a function call temporarily transfers control to the called function’s code l when the function’s code has finished executing, control is transferred back to the calling block

47. 47 FunctionName = ( Argument List ) The argument list is a way for functions to communicate with each other by passing information. The argument list can contain 0, 1, or more arguments, separated by commas, depending on the function. Function Call Syntax

48. 48 A void function call stands alone #include void DisplayMessage ( int n ) ; // declares function int main( ) { DisplayMessage( 15 ) ; //function call cout << “Good Bye“ << endl ; return 0 ; }

49. 49 A void function does NOT return a value // header and body here void DisplayMessage ( int n ) { cout << “I have liked math for “ << n << “ years” << endl ; }

50. Two Kinds of Functions Always returns a single value to its caller and is called from within an expression. Never returns a value to its caller, and is called as a separate statement. Value-Returning Void 50

51. 51 << is a binary operator << is called the output or insertion operator << is left associative EXPRESSIONHAS VALUE cout << age cout STATEMENT cout << “You are “ << age << “ years old\n” ;

52. 52 is header file l for a library that defines 3 objects an istream object named cin (keyboard) an ostream object named cout (screen) an ostream object named cerr (screen)

53. 53 No I/O is built into C++ l instead, a library provides input stream and output stream KeyboardScreen executing program istreamostream

54. 54 Manipulators l manipulators are used only in input and output statements l endl, fixed, showpoint, setw, and setprecision are manipulators that can be used to control output format l endl is use to terminate the current output line, and create blank lines in output

55. 55 Insertion Operator ( << ) l the insertion operator << takes 2 operands l the left operand is a stream expression, such as cout l the right operand is an expression of simple type, or a string, or a manipulator

56. 56 Output Statements SYNTAX (revised) cout << ExpressionOrManipulator << ExpressionOrManipulator... ;

57. 57 Output Statements SYNTAX These examples yield the same output. cout << “The answer is “ ; cout << 3 * 4 ; cout << “The answer is “ << 3 * 4 ; cout << Expression << Expression... ;

58. 58 Using Manipulators Fixed and Showpoint l use the following statement to specify that (for output sent to the cout stream) decimal format (not scientific notation) be used, and that a decimal point be included (even for floating values with 0 as fractional part) cout << fixed << showpoint ;

59. 59 setprecision(n) l requires #include and appears in an expression using insertion operator (<<) l if fixed has already been specified, argument n determines the number of places displayed after the decimal point for floating point values l remains in effect until explicitly changed by another call to setprecision

60. 60 What is exact output? #include // for setw( ) and setprecision( ) #include using namespace std; int main ( ) { float myNumber = 123.4587 ; cout << fixed << showpoint ; // use decimal format // print decimal points cout << “Number is ” << setprecision ( 3 ) << myNumber << endl ; return 0 ; }

61. 61 OUTPUT Number is 123.459 value is rounded if necessary to be displayed with exactly 3 places after the decimal point

62. 62 Manipulator setw l “set width” lets us control how many character positions the next data item should occupy when it is output l setw is only for formatting numbers and strings, not char type data

63. 63 setw(n) l requires #include and appears in an expression using insertion operator (<<) l argument n is called the fieldwidth specification, and determines the number of character positions in which to display a right-justified number or string (not char data). The number of positions used is expanded if n is too narrow l “set width” affects only the very next item displayed, and is useful to align columns of output

64. 64 What is exact output? #include // for setw( ) #include using namespace std; int main ( ) { int myNumber = 123 ; int yourNumber = 5 ; cout << setw ( 10 ) << “Mine” << setw ( 10 ) << “Yours” << endl; << setw ( 10 ) << myNumber << setw ( 10 ) << yourNumber << endl ; return 0 ; }

65. 65 OUTPUT 12345678901234567890 Mine Yours 123 5 each is displayed right-justified and each is located in a total of 10 positions position

66. 66 What is exact output? #include // for setw( ) and setprecision( ) #include using namespace std; int main ( ) { float myNumber = 123.4 ; float yourNumber = 3.14159 ; cout << fixed << showpoint ; // use decimal format // print decimal points cout << “Numbers are: ” << setprecision ( 4 ) << endl << setw ( 10 ) << myNumber << endl << setw ( 10 ) << yourNumber << endl ; return 0 ; }

67. 67 OUTPUT Numbers are: 123.4000 3.1416 each is displayed right-justified and rounded if necessary and each is located in a total of 10 positions with 4 places after the decimal point 12345678901234567890

68. 68 float x = 312.0 ; float y = 4.827 ; cout << fixed << showpoint ; OUTPUT cout << setprecision ( 2 ) << setw ( 10 ) << x << endl ’’’’ 3 1 2.00 << setw ( 10 ) << y << endl ; ’’’’’’ 4.83 cout << setprecision ( 1 ) << setw ( 10 ) << x << endl ’’’’’ 3 1 2.0 << setw ( 10 ) << y << endl ; ’’’’’’’ 4.8 cout << setprecision ( 5 ) << setw ( 7 ) << x << endl 3 1 2.00000 << setw ( 7 ) << y << endl ; 4.82700 More Examples x 312.0 y 4.827 68

69. 69 HEADER MANIPULATOR ARGUMENT EFFECT FILE TYPE showpoint none displays decimal point fixed none suppresses scientific notation setprecision(n) int sets precision to n digits setw(n) int sets fieldwidth to n positions endl none terminates output line

70. 70 length Function function length returns an unsigned integer value that equals the number of characters currently in the string function size returns the same value as function length you must use dot notation in the call to function length or size

71. 71 find Function function find returns an unsigned integer value that is the beginning position for the first occurrence of a particular substring within the string the substring argument can be a string constant, a string expression, or a char value if the substring was not found, function find returns the special value string::npos

72. 72 substr Function function substr returns a particular substring of a string l the first argument is an unsigned integer that specifies a starting position within the string l the second argument is an unsigned integer that specifies the length of the desired substring l positions of characters within a string are numbered starting from 0, not from 1

73. 73 What is exact output? #include #include // for functions length, find, substr using namespace std; int main ( ) { string stateName = “Mississippi” ; cout << stateName.length( ) << endl; cout << stateName.find(“is”) << endl; cout << stateName.substr( 0, 4 ) << endl; cout << stateName.substr( 4, 2 ) << endl; cout << stateName.substr( 9, 5 ) << endl; return 0 ; }

74. 74 What is exact output? #include #include // for functions length, find, substr using namespace std; int main ( ) { string stateName = “Mississippi” ; cout << stateName.length( ) << endl; // value 11 cout << stateName.find(“is”) << endl;// value 1 cout << stateName.substr( 0, 4 ) << endl;// value “Miss” cout << stateName.substr( 4, 2 ) << endl;// value “is” cout << stateName.substr( 9, 5 ) << endl;// value “pi” return 0 ; }