1. Symbiosis

2. Symbioses - species living in close association Parasitism +,- parasite benefits, host harmed Commensalism +,0 or 0,0 can have positive effect for one species or for neither Mutualism +,+ both species benefit

3. Gopher Tortoise – Commensal Host

4. Gopher Tortoise Distribution

6. Epiphytes Bird’s Nest Fern

7. Nalini Nadkarni studying epiphytes

8. Epiphytes Figure 1: Hypothetical tree illustrating how vascular epiphytes in humid forests tend to partition substrates illustrating sensitivity to micro climate, particularly humidity, and associated development of the organic rooting media required by some populations.

9. Parasitism and Disease Lyme Disease Cycle in the UK

10. Parasitism Parasitism - intimate association between two species in which the parasite obtains its nutrients from a host - parasite usually causes some degree of harm to its host - either reduced growth or reproduction Pathogen – disease causing agent Disease – abnormal condition of host due to infection by a pathogen that impairs physiological functioning

11. Parasites on Plants

12. Insects are green, Fungi are brown, Worms are blue, Protozoa are yellow

13. Parasitism occurs on a continuum from: ectoparasites - live outside hosts body and experience same conditions as host - ticks, mites, fleas, aphids endoparasites - live inside host's body cavity - buffered from outside conditions - tapeworms, flukes intracellular parasites - live inside individual cells of the host - viruses, bacteria, protozoa - often called microparasites

14. Or another way to divide parasites: microparasites - viruses, bacteria, protozoa - small, often live intracellularly, main point is that they reproduce in host and will have very large numbers in host macroparasites - tiny to very large - nematodes, tapeworms, flukes - larger individuals that grow in host but multiply by producing infective stages that are shed by host to environment where they infect new hosts

16. Parasite Transmission Direct transmission – from one host to another of the same species via air, water, coughing, blood, feces, etc. Indirect transmission – from one host to another of the same species via another species called a vector Vector – species which transmits parasite or pathogen from one host to another

17. MicroparasitesMacroparasites Direct transmissionHIV virus, Amoebic dysentery, Mildews on plants Lice, fleas, ticks, aphids, hookworm, pinworm, mistletoe Indirect transmissionPlasmodium (mosquito), Plant viruses (aphids), Trypanosoma (tsetse fly) Tapeworms, Schistosomes (snails), Rust fungi

18. Powdery Mildew on Grape Leaf

19. Powdery Mildew Life Cycle

21. Head Lice and Life Cycle

22. Mistletoe

23. Mistletoe Life Cycle

24. Malaria disease cycle

26. Schistosomiasis - Life cycle of the schistosome worm

27. Worldwide incidence of schistosomiasis

29. Rust Fungus Canker

30. Rust Fungus Life Cycle

31. Two ways to study parasite numbers Prevalence – percent of host population that is infected – best for microparasites Intensity – number of parasite individuals per host – usually best for macroparasites

32. European rabbits as pests in Australia - 1938

33. Introduced pests in Australia – red fox, rabbit, cat, pig, & goat

36. Moose and White-tailed Deer

37. Deer – Moose brain worm interaction

38. Fungal parasites alter insect behavior Giant ant w/o and with fungus

41. Avian malaria occurs in areas below white line on Island of Hawaii

42. Hawaiian Crow – Extinct in Wild

43. I’iwi Honeycreeper – highly susceptible to avian malaria

44. Akiapolaau Honeycreeper – restricted to high elevation today

45. Amakihi Honeycreeper – shows evidence of evolving resistance