1. CS 1 with Robots IDLE and Myro Institute for Personal Robots in Education (IPRE)‏

2. Aug 20 2007 2 Starting IDLE and Myro IDLE is the development environment (Integrated DeveLopment Environment) provided with python. With IDLE, you can: Load, edit and save text files that contain programs. When a text file contains a python program, you should save it with a.py extension (instead of.txt) to indicate that it contains a python program. Type python statements interactively When you installed Myro, it installed a “StartPython” icon on your desktop. Double-click this icon to start the IDLE window.

3. Aug 20 2007 3 The IDLE Window Notice the three arrow brackets? (>>>) This is the python “prompt”. You can type commands at the prompt and the python interpretor will execute them.

4. Aug 20 2007 4 Loading the Myro module Type from myro import * at the prompt. This command loads everything from the Myro module.

5. Aug 20 2007 5 Initializing the Robot – Finding your COM port Once you have the Myro module loaded, you have to tell it which communication port (COM port) your robot is attached to. If you have not yet set up a Bluetooth connection with your robot, do so now. When you set up the Bluetooth connection, your operating system will tell you what COM port to use. With windows, you will look for an “Outgoing COM port” number, and will look something like: COM5 On MacOSX or Linux the COM port may look like this: /dev/tty.COM5 or /dev/rfcomm0

6. Aug 20 2007 6 Initializing the Robot – init() or initialize()‏ If you type init() Myro will pop up a window asking for the name of your communications port (COM5 in this example). You may also use the longer version: initialize()‏

7. Aug 20 2007 7 Your first function call! When you typed init() at the prompt, you were calling a function that has the name init. A function call is simply the name of a function followed by an open and close parenthesis. Another example: getName()‏ Functions can also accept data (called parameters) between the open and close parenthesis. For example, you can give the init function a string containing the name of your communications port like this: init(“COM5”)‏

8. Aug 20 2007 8 Adding a parameter to init()‏ If you include the name of the communications port as a parameter: init(“COM5”) or init(“/dev/rfcomm1”) (depending upon the name of your communications port)‏ Myro will not pop up a window to ask you for the name.

9. Aug 20 2007 9 What is your robot's name? By default, your robots name is “Scribby”. When you connect to your robot using the init() function call, Myro lists the version number of the software your robot is running, and it's name You can retrieve your robot's name at any time by calling the getName() function, which returns a string containing your robots current name. >>> getName() 'Scribby'

10. Aug 20 2007 10 Changing your robot's name You can change your robots name by using the setName() function. Unlike the initialize() and getName() functions, the setName() function requires a parameter. You must include a string that is the new name for your robot: >>>setName(“newName”) >>> After you change the robot's name, you can use the getName() function again to see the new name: >>>getName() 'newName'

11. Aug 20 2007 11 Driving your robot around! Myro includes a function called joyStick() that lets you drive your robot around. When you call the joyStick() function, it opens up a window with a circle. By clicking inside the circle with your mouse, you can move your robot forward, backwards, or direct it to turn left or right.

12. Aug 20 2007 12 Driving your robot around! By clicking near the Forward label, you will cause your robot to move forward at full speed. An arrow indicates the direction your robot is traveling. If you move your mouse pointer to the left or right the robot will also turn in that direction while moving forward.

13. Aug 20 2007 13 Optional: Using a USB gamepad! If you have a USB Gamepad connected to your computer, you can use it to direct your robot. Instead of calling the joyStick() function, try calling the gamepad() function. In addition to driving the robot around with the four-way controller, your gamepad buttons will make the robot beep, speak, and take pictures! >>>gamepad() >>>

14. Aug 20 2007 14 Taking a Picture! The takePicture() function will take a picture (using the camera on your robot) and return it. However, IDLE doesn't know how to show a picture, so you have to use the show() function to show the picture. Try this: >>> p = takePicture() >>> show( p ) >>>

15. Aug 20 2007 15 Your first Variable! You did something interesting when you typed: >>> p = takePicture() >>> show( p )‏ You created a Variable named p, and you stored a picture in it. On the second line, you gave the variable (p) to the show() function as a parameter. A variable is a name (in this case, the letter p) that can point to a value. The single equal sign (=) is used to point a variable to a value.

16. Aug 20 2007 16 More examples with Variables The print command will print the value that a variable points to. Try this: >>> myVariable = 5 >>> print myVariable 5 You can change what a variable points to by using the single equal sign again. >>> myVariable = 10 >>> print myVariable 10

17. Aug 20 2007 17 Advanced tricks with functions In this code, we use the variable p to point to the picture that is returned by the takePicture() function: >>> p = takePicture() >>> show( p )‏ We do not need to use a variable to point to the picture. Instead, we could do the following trick: >>> show( takePicture() ) We are calling one function (takePicture) and using the picture that it returns as the parameter to another function (show) all on one line. Although this is more compact, using a variable to temporarily point at the picture makes the previous example easier to read and understand.

18. Aug 20 2007 18 More functions to control your robot You can make your robot move by using functions! Many of the following functions take parameters that specify a speed (for the motors) and a length of time (the duration). The possible range of speeds go from zero to one (0 is stopped, and 1 is full speed). The duration is measured in seconds. The forward( speed, duration) function can be used like this: Move the robot forward at full speed for one second: >>> forward(1,1)‏ Move the robot forward at half speed for two seconds: >>> forward(0.5, 2)

19. Aug 20 2007 19 Making a Program! You can combine several function calls together into one file to create a Python program. Use the File->New menu to open a new window in IDLE Type in a few commands: forward(1,1) turnRight(1,1) forward(1,1) turnRight(1,1)‏ Now, save the file as dance.py using the File->Save menu command. You can run these commands by using the Run->Run Module command, or by pressing F5.

20. Aug 20 2007 20 Running the Dance.py Program

21. Aug 20 2007 21 Other Functions: Look at the Myro Reference Manual to learn about other functions you can use. Here are a few of our favorites: forward(speed,duration)‏ backward(speed,duration)‏ turnLeft(speed,duration)‏ turnRight(speed,duration)‏ beep(duration, frequency) – Try a frequency of 440 to start! If the frequency is too low (under ~300) or too high (over ~10,000) you won't be able to hear it.

22. Aug 20 2007 22 Some details... If you have already imported the myro module and initialized your robot in the idle window, you should not need to include the startup commands in your programs: from myro import * init()‏ However, if you double click on the program file instead of the StartPython icon, you may need to include those commands at the beginning of your program to make it work. Although you can double-click on any file with a.py extension to start IDLE, you should not! Instead, always open the IDLE window with the StartPython link, and then use the FILE->Open menu to open your code.