1. GV-506 weeks 19- 20 Treaties and conflict management Requirements for peacebuilding Power sharing

2. How to end a war: the issue of treaties Are treaties in intrastate wars legally binding and recognized by international law? How to deal with the ‘other party’? Who are the parties and witnesses Often multiple agreements instead of one: issue of war termination (Werner article) Items included in a treaty

3. Requirements for Peacebuilding Factors that lead to recurrent violence:  Type of war  High cost of war in lives and internally displaced individuals  Primary exports  Too few or too many actors being involved Factors that lead to peacemaking  UN presence (high-order peacebuilding operations)  Level of development  Net transfers and assistance Peacemaking vs. development: compatible goals?  Cleavage between 3 groups: organizations that focus on humanitarian help, conflict preventions, and long-term development and capacity building Example: building infrastructure  Role of culture and local population (individualist vs. collectivist societies)

4. Requirements for successful peacebuilding An absolute prerequisite: Security (how to deal with spoilers)  DDR: disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration Combination of civilian and military support Building state institutions:  3 phases: emergency, joint administration, provisional democratic institutions  Developing local governance Re-establishing rule of law Rebuilding infrastructure Financing reconstruction  The problem with aid flows  Restructuring the fiscal system (taxation)  Does wealth assist or hamper reconstruction?  Rebuilding the banking sector

5. Power sharing: addressing post-war instability at the institutional level Type of democratic institutions: the problem with majoritarian democracy In deeply divisive societies what kind of institutions create an incentive structure to mediate differences? Power sharing as an alternative:  Elite or consociational approach (e.g. Belgium, Netherlands, Switzerland) Broad-based parliamentary coalition Minority or mutual veto Proportionality Segmental group autonomy  Integrative approach Criticism of elite approach: consociationalism overestimates the importance of leaders and underestimates the power and role of popular dissatisfaction Need to encourage integration across communal divides and support moderates Create incentives to moderate the leaders’ rhetoric  Federalism  Vote pooling  Presidential system  Important ingredient is the realization that groups have to live together

6. United Nations and Peace-building Fostering peace in the aftermath of conflict  Doyle and Sambanis (2000) find strong effect of United Nations peace-building operations prospects for success depend on local capacity of countries External actors can assist with capacity and even governance (case of Kosovo, Bosnia)  Brahimi report Interim land administration (capacity and governance) Deal with population displacement and property (e.g. Cyprus, Israel)  Land issues and property rights (Rwanda) Address issues of former combatants (e.g. Sierra Leone, N. Ireland, Bosnia, Kosovo)  Paris (1997) highlights failures of UN operations Higher development: better prospects for avoiding recurrent violence and securing durable peace

7. Women and conflict Traditional theories of conflict neglect women/gender Women as passive victims vs. active fighters  Rwanda, Sierra Leone Female empowerment and constraints on violence  Caprioli 2000; Melander 2005 Women as peacebuilders?

8. Women and development Female empowerment as development  Dimension of development partly separate from economic development (e.g. Gulf States, Arab countries, India, China) Existing research on peace-building considers local capacity primarily as economic development Need to include gender as a component to development and peacebuilding:  Status of women reflects distinct social networks and forms of domestic capacity not captured by purely economic measures  Role of social networks/social capital in peacebuilding Role of women in local communities and peacebuilding Grassroots organizations Health and education Reintegration of combatants  Prospects for United Nations operations to capitalize on social networks in societies with greater female empowerment

9. Women, conflict, and peace-building Women and conflict of identity  Women due to reproductive role mark ethnic/group identity  Sexual violence against women as representatives of group identity 90% of current war casualties are civilians vs. a century ago where 90% of casualties: military personnel  Deterioration of health conditions: women and communities  Women’s role as care givers  70-90% of displaced individuals women  Issue of rape and communicable diseases/AIDS Crimes against humanity include rape, prostitution, slavery UN Resolution 1325 (2000) and the changing nature of Western armies Sierra Leone  Low on economic development, yet a case of successful peacebuilding  Female empowerment much higher  Role of women’s grassroots organizations in UN peacekeeping operation

10. Law and order 1. adjudication (Bilder in Rasmussen and Zartman) 2. Law and order in peace-building Rule of law and rule by law  Democracy and rule of law (due process) Constraints government power by providing clear rules and regulations  Accountability  Non-violent resolution of disputes  In peace-building essential to address: post-conflict concerns: minority rights, property issues, eligibility to participate in elections  In cases of crimes: who should be persecuted? Trans-national conflicts and international law (justice and forgiveness) Ad hoc Tribunals – often symbolic acts (Rwanda, 1994) ICC (case of former Yugoslavia)--1998 TRC (Guatemala, S. Africa) Role of external actors (UN-Nuremberg principles)