1. THERAPIES Pertemuan 23 Matakuliah: L0014 / PSIKOLOGI UMUM Tahun: 2007

2. Psychotherapy Specialized process where trained professional uses psychological methods Differing forms of psychotherapy have differing methods – Psychoanalytic: focuses on gaining insight – Humanistic: focuses on gaining insight – Social learning or behavior therapy: uses forms of teaching Therapies

3. Psychotherapy (2) Relationship involves power of therapist, emotional patient divulging personal data Ethical Standards – Goals of treatment understood/agreed to by client; in best interest of client and society – Careful consideration given to alternatives – Therapist treats only within limits of expertise Therapies

4. Psychotherapy (3) Ethical Standards – Effectiveness of treatment must be evaluated – Rules and laws of confidentiality followed – No abuse of therapist-client relationship – Therapist must treat all humans with dignity; respecting all genders, races, sexual orientation, and other sociocultural factors Therapies

5. Therapies (1) Psychoanalysis – founded by Freud – Root of all problems is in unconscious conflicts – Imbalance in id, ego, and superego – Conscious insight can resolve conflicts – Special therapy techniques may be used Free association Dream interpretation Interpretation of resistance (from vague forms to specific resistance) Therapies

6. Therapies (2) Psychoanalysis – Transference – therapist-client relationship takes form of client’s relationships with own parents and other authority figures – Catharsis – emotional experience or temporary relief from discomfort (some insight gained) – Interpersonal psychotherapy for depression Emerged from psychoanalytic tradition Identifies sources of depression and goals for therapy process; very successful outcomes Therapies

7. Therapies (3) Humanistic psychology – Carl Rogers – People not born with unconscious mind – Client-centered therapy or person-centered Emphasis on client’s ability to help self – feels emotionally safe enough to explore own hidden emotions Therapist creates unconditional atmosphere (warmth, genuine positive regard, empathy) – Reflection – therapist makes statements to clarify client’s feelings and emotions Therapies

8. Therapies (4) Gestalt therapy – founded by F. Perls – Humanistic psychotherapy approach – Meanings of sensations organized into whole perceptions – Goal: create therapeutic experience helping client achieve greater self-awareness – Emotional atmosphere: therapists often deal in confrontive, challenging manner necessary to loosen denied feelings Therapies

9. Therapies (5) Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT) – Abnormal behavior learned from inappropriate experiences through Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Modeling – Learning is central goal of therapy; therapist is teacher and client learns adaptive behaviors – Cognitions less important Therapies

10. Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT) – Fear reduction methods using Graded exposure - series of increasingly fearful situations experienced for gradual mastery Use of modern technology - computer-generated virtual reality Treats obsessive-compulsive disorders when used with other methods – Social skills training Shaping and positive reinforcement used in role playing Teach use of adaptive skills enough to handle real-life situations Focus on social skill problem of unassertiveness Therapies

11. Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT) – Cognitive restructuring Assumes faulty cognitions – maladaptive beliefs, expectations, and thinking Effective for treating anxiety, depression Cannot modify clients’ existing behaviors because of inaccurate ways of thinking about themselves Patterns of cognition contributing to emotional distress Therapies –Selective abstraction –Overgeneralization –Arbitrary interference –Magnification and minimization –Personalization –Absolutistic thinking

12. Group and Family Therapy (1) Group therapy – Carried out with groups of 4 to 8 clients; sees experience more effective than individual therapy techniques Receives encouragement from others Sees problem experienced by others Learn from others’ advice Learn new ways to interact with others Format of group therapy varies widely Therapies

13. Group and Family Therapy (2) Family therapy – Group composed of family members – Therapist trained in psychoanalytic, humanistic, and behavioral approaches – Beliefs Family issues at root of problem Dynamics of family system need analysis – function of each need to be understood – Therapists’ goals to resolve problems by improving functioning of family system Give family members insights and correct family dysfunctions Increase warmth and intimacy in family Improve family member communication Help members establish reasonable set of rules for family regulation Therapies

14. Human Diversity Ethnic, gender, and sexual issues in mental health – U.S. has one of most advanced mental health system in world – does not cover all citizens Hispanics - less outpatient care than whites African Americans – more likely than whites to be committed to psychiatric hospitals (often involuntarily) – U.S. mental health system Fewer women receive mental health services than men Gender of therapist does not appear to influence outcomes – Feminist psychotherapy – radical approach Women treated as second-class citizens and Barbie dolls Therapies

15. Human Diversity Goals of Feminist Psychotherapy – Advocates equal relationship in therapy – Encourage women to see how society limited them to dependent roles – Encourage women to become aware of their anger; find constructive ways of expressing – Have women define selves as independent – Women encouraged to consider own needs – Women should develop nontraditional skills Therapies

16. Drug therapy – Widely used to treat abnormal behavior – Commonly used psychiatric drugs – Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) – Transcranial stimulation Magnetic field used on frontal cortex Therapies Effexor Paxil Prozac Zorloft Xanax Geodon Haldol Navane Risperdal Zyprexa Depakote Epilim

17. Medical Therapies Psychosurgery – Trephining – Prefrontal labotomy – Modern names for labotomy surgeries conducted today Capuslotomy Cingulotomy Therapies

18. Trephining operations were apparently performed in the Middle Ages to treat abnormal behavior