1. Bathymetry Study of the ocean floor and its contours Originally done by lowering a line over ship with a heavy weight Echo Sounder used a powerful sound pulse that bounced off the bottom and then detected the bounce back. Multibeam Systems integrate several pulses allowing for the a continuous sampling of the seafloor Satellite Altimetry is now used to map the seafloor.

8. Geological Provinces

10. Active vs. Passive Continental Margins

19. Convergent vs Divergent Boundaries

23. Hydrothermal Vents

24. Spreading Ridges

27. Deep Ocean Trenches