1. http://www.fao.org/aims/ 1/ 22 AGROVOC and the OWL Web Ontology Language: the Agriculture Ontology Service Concept Server OWL model DC 2006 Mexico, 4 October 2006

2. http://www.fao.org/aims/ 2/ 22 Outline Background Needs and purposes Our approach Current status and Next steps Open issues Conclusion

3. http://www.fao.org/aims/ 3/ 22 Background (1/2) AGROVOC –Used worldwide –Multilingual –Term-based, limited semantics –Maintained as a relational database –Distributed in several formats (RDBMS, TagText, ISO2709,...)

4. http://www.fao.org/aims/ 4/ 22 Background (2/2) Draft versions available in TBX, SKOS, OWL Access to full thesaurus through Web Services Agricultural Ontology Service (AOS)

5. http://www.fao.org/aims/ 5/ 22 Needs and purposes (1/2) vessel ship or container ship or navire or เรือ or …

6. http://www.fao.org/aims/ 6/ 22 Needs and purposes (2/2): better serving web applications Semantic navigation of knowledge Semantic navigation of resources (bibliographical metadata, etc.) Intelligent query expansion Terminology brokering Improved natural language processing –Language recognition –Improved parsing (combinatorial) –Extended concept resolution Inferencing / Reasoning Clustering and ranking

7. http://www.fao.org/aims/ 7/ 22 Our approach (1/11) Better defined structure AGROVOC RDBMS XML formats (e.g. TBX) RDFS formats (e.g. SKOS)

8. http://www.fao.org/aims/ 8/ 22 Our approach (2/11) Concept-based More semantics “Language-independent” Easy integration with other KOS Easy sharing within the Web Better defined structure: the CS ontology + OWL

9. http://www.fao.org/aims/ 9/ 22 Our approach: The OWL model (3/11) Why OWL? –Built on top of RDF, increased interest, future support –W3C recommendation –Represented as triples –Interoperable and web-enabled (linking multiple ontologies) –Reuse of existing tools, no proprietary RDBMS –Reasoning is possible: to arrive at conclusions beyond what is asserted + consistency checks –A revision was needed  better semantic and refinement Problems –Backward compatibility with legacy systems –Many desirable kinds of information must be represented tortuously or cannot be represented at all

10. http://www.fao.org/aims/ 10/ 22 Our approach: The OWL model (4/11) Concept / Term / term variants Language issue –‘has_lexicalization’/ ‘lexicalized_with’ functional AOS/CS base URI: http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc

11. http://www.fao.org/aims/ 11/ 22 Our approach: The OWL model (5/11) Concepts are classes AND instances –Classes  to support hierarchy and inheritance –Instances  to keep OWL DL Terms are instances of a specific class

12. http://www.fao.org/aims/ 12/ 22 Our approach: The OWL model (6/11) Disambiguation: en_plane vs de_plane en_sole_1 vs en_sole_2

13. http://www.fao.org/aims/ 13/ 22 Our approach: The OWL model (7/11) Term-to-Term and Term-to-Variants Relationships

14. http://www.fao.org/aims/ 14/ 22 Our approach: The OWL model (8/11) Inheritance Relationships instantiations

15. http://www.fao.org/aims/ 15/ 22 Our approach: The OWL model (9/11) Other elements –Status for concepts and terms (suggested, approved, reviewed, deprecated) –has_date_created –has_date_last_updated –Scope notes / images / definitions –Sub-vocabularies

16. http://www.fao.org/aims/ 16/ 22 Our approach: The OWL model (10/11) Classification schemes and categories

17. http://www.fao.org/aims/ 17/ 22 Our approach: Backward compatibility (11/11) Backward compatibility with a traditional thesaurus –Main descriptor (is_main_label) –Term codes references –UF+ –Scope notes –etc.

18. http://www.fao.org/aims/ 18/ 22 Current status What exists concretely of the model: –Description of the model –Relationship definition (in collab. with CNR) –Test project –Full AGROVOC conversion procedure –Performance tests –AOS/CS Workbench construction

19. http://www.fao.org/aims/ 19/ 22 Next steps AGROVOC refinement and conversion Build the AOS/CS Workbench Extensive tests –scalability at storage and operational level –performance at the maintenance and data retrieval level –integration of and linkage to datasets Create a network of ontology experts –Workshops/Trainings NeOn results

20. http://www.fao.org/aims/ 20/ 22 Open issues Assign attributes to relationships Distinguish concepts instances from individuals Validity of relationships (or context) Ontology lifecycle, versioning (owl:priorVersion, owl:backwardCompatibleWith) Ontology mapping and merging No more words but URIs in IS Better exploitation of the potentiality at the application level: powerful IR Ontology Web services (OWS)

21. http://www.fao.org/aims/ 21/ 22 Conclusion AOS is still a success story and is gaining terrain in private sector More ontologies in FAO NeOn toolkit Meta-model?

22. http://www.fao.org/aims/ 22/ 22 acliang@alum.mit.edu boris.lauser@fao.org margherita.sini@fao.org johannes.keizer@fao.org Thank you Questions?

23. http://www.fao.org/aims/ 23/ 22 Real needs / examples example: three FAO information systems FIRMS FIDI statistics Globefish Fishery fact sheets Trade flowFish Market reports

24. http://www.fao.org/aims/ 24/ 22 from to Trade flow Country origin Country destination concerns Fishery commodity results from on Process Commercial sp. group Species Fishery Stock belongs targets lands in Landing place Area located document Market on Prices Fishery commodity

25. http://www.fao.org/aims/ 25/ 22 from to Trade flow Country origin Country destination concerns Fishery commodity results from on Process Commercial sp. group Species Fishery Stock belongs targets lands in Landing place Area located document Market on Prices Fishery commodity Nouadhibou Octopus – Cape Blanc Octopus vulgaris Tokyo Increase Frozen cephalopod JapanMauritania Cephalopod Frozen Frozen cephalopod

26. http://www.fao.org/aims/ 26/ 22 from to Trade flow Country origin Country destination concerns Fishery commodity results from on Process Commercial sp. group Species Fishery Stock belongs targets lands in Landing place Area located document Market on Prices Fishery commodity