1. Automating Assessment of Web Site Usability Marti Hearst Melody Ivory Rashmi Sinha University of California, Berkeley

2. ASIS IA Summit, Feb 2001 The Usability Gap 196M new Web sites in the next 5 years [Nielsen99] ~20,000 user interface professionals [Nielson99]

3. ASIS IA Summit, Feb 2001 The Usability Gap Most sites have inadequate usability [Forrester, Spool, Hurst] (users can’t find what they want 39-66% of the time) 196M new Web sites in the next 5 years [Nielsen99] A shortage of user interface professionals [Nielson99]

4. ASIS IA Summit, Feb 2001 The Problem NON-professionals need to create websites Guidelines are helpful, but Sometimes imprecise Sometimes conflict Usually not empirically founded

5. ASIS IA Summit, Feb 2001 Ultimate Goal: Tools to Help Non-Professional Designers Examples: A “grammar checker” to assess guideline conformance Imperfect Only suggestions – not dogma Automatic comparison to highly usable pages/sites Automatic template suggestions

6. ASIS IA Summit, Feb 2001 A View of Web Site Structure (Newman et al. 00) Information design structure, categories of information Navigation design interaction with information structure Graphic design visual presentation of information and navigation (color, typography, etc.) Courtesy of Mark Newman

7. ASIS IA Summit, Feb 2001 Information Architecture includes management and more responsibility for content User Interface Design includes testing and evaluation A View of Web Site Design (Newman et al. 00) Courtesy of Mark Newman

8. ASIS IA Summit, Feb 2001 The Goal Eventually want to assess navigation structure and graphic design at the page and site level. Farther down the line: information design and scent Note: we are NOT suggesting we can characterize: Aesthetics Subjective preferences

9. ASIS IA Summit, Feb 2001 The Investigation Can we place web design guidelines onto an empirical foundation? Can we build models of good design by looking at existing designs?

10. ASIS IA Summit, Feb 2001 Example Empirical Investigation Is it all about the content?

11. ASIS IA Summit, Feb 2001 Webby Awards 2000 6 criteria 27 categories We used finance, education, community, living, health, services 100 judges International Academy of Digital Arts & Sciences 3 rounds of judging 2000 sites initially

12. ASIS IA Summit, Feb 2001 Webby Awards 2000 6 criteria 1. Content 2. Structure & navigation 3. Visual design 4. Functionality 5. Interactivity 6. Overall experience Scale: 1-10 (highest) Nearly normally distributed across judged sites What are Webby judgements about?

13. ASIS IA Summit, Feb 2001 Webby Awards 2000 The best predictor of the overall score is the score for content The worst predictor is visual design

14. ASIS IA Summit, Feb 2001 So … Webbys focus on content!

15. ASIS IA Summit, Feb 2001 Comparing Two Categories news arts

16. ASIS IA Summit, Feb 2001 Guidelines There are MANY usability guidelines A survey of 21 sets of web guidelines found little overlap (Ratner et al. 96) Why? Our hypothesis: not empirically validated So … let’s figure out what works!

17. ASIS IA Summit, Feb 2001 Web Page Metrics  Web metric analysis tools report on what is easy to measure  Predicted download time  Depth/breadth of site  We want to worry about  Content  User goals/tasks  We also want to compare alternative designs.

18. ASIS IA Summit, Feb 2001 Another Empirical Study: Which features distinguish well-designed web pages?

19. ASIS IA Summit, Feb 2001 Quantitative Metrics Identified 42 attributes from the literature Roughly characterized: Page Composition (e.g., words, links, images) Page Formatting (e.g., fonts, lists, colors) Overall Page Characteristics (e.g., information & layout quality, download speed)

20. ASIS IA Summit, Feb 2001 Metrics Used in Study Word Count Body Text Percentage Emphasized Body Text Percentage Text Positioning Count Text Cluster Count Link Count Page Size Graphic Percentage Graphics Count Color Count Font Count

21. ASIS IA Summit, Feb 2001 Data Collection Collected data for 1898 pages from 163 sites Attempted to collect from 3 levels within each site Six Webby categories Health, Living, Community, Education, Finance, Services Data constraints At least 30 words No pages with forms Exhibit high self-containment (i.e., no style sheets, scripts, applets, etc.)

22. ASIS IA Summit, Feb 2001 Method Collect metrics from sites evaluated for Webby Awards 2000 Two comparisons Top 33% of sites vs. the rest (using the overall Webby score) Top 33% of sites vs. bottom 33% (using the Webby factor) Goal: see if we can use the metrics to predict membership in top vs. other groups.

23. ASIS IA Summit, Feb 2001 Questions: Can we use the metrics to predict membership in top vs. other groups? Do we see a difference in how the metrics behave in different content categories?

24. ASIS IA Summit, Feb 2001 Findings We can accurately classify web pages Linear discriminant analysis For top vs. rest 67% correct for overall 73% correct when taking categories into account For top vs. bottom 65% correct for overall 80% correct using categories

25. ASIS IA Summit, Feb 2001 Why does this work? Content is most important predictor of overall score BUT there is some predictive power in the visual design / navigation criteria Also, it may just be that good design is good design all over Film making analogy This happens in other domains – automatic essay grading for one

26. ASIS IA Summit, Feb 2001 Deeper Analysis Which metrics matter? All played a role To get more insight: We noticed that small, medium, and large pages behave differently We subdivided pages according to size and category to find out which metrics matter and if they should have high or low values

27. ASIS IA Summit, Feb 2001 Small pages (66 words on average) Good pages have slightly more content, smaller page sizes, less graphics and employ more font variations The smaller page sizes and graphics count suggests faster download times for these pages (corroborated by a download time metric, not discussed in detail here). Correlations between font count and body text suggest that good pages vary fonts used between header and body text.

28. ASIS IA Summit, Feb 2001 Medium pages (230 words on average) Good pages emphasize less of the body text Text positioning and text cluster count indicate medium-sized good pages appear to organize text into clusters (e.g., lists and shaded table areas). Negative correlations between body text and color count suggests that good medium-sized pages use colors to distinguish headers.

29. ASIS IA Summit, Feb 2001 Large pages (827 words on average) Good pages have less body text and more colors (suggesting pages have more headers and text links) Good pages are larger but have fewer graphics

30. ASIS IA Summit, Feb 2001 Future work Distinguish according to page role Home page vs. content vs. index … Better metrics Separate info design, nav design, graphic design Site level as well as page level Compare against results of live user studies

31. ASIS IA Summit, Feb 2001 Future work Category-based profiles Can use clustering to create profiles of good and poor sites for each category These can be used to suggest alternative designs More information: CHI 2001 paper

32. ASIS IA Summit, Feb 2001 Ramifications It is remarkable that such simple metrics predict so well Perhaps good design is good overall There may be other factors A foundation for a new methodology Empirical, bottom up But, there is no one path to good design!

33. ASIS IA Summit, Feb 2001 In Summary Automated Usability Assessment should help close the Web Usability Gap We can empirically distinguish between highly rated web pages and other pages Empirical validation of design guidelines Can build profiles of good vs. poor sites Are validating expert judgements with usability assessments via a user study Eventually want to build tools to help end-users assess their designs

34. ASIS IA Summit, Feb 2001 More information: http://webtango.berkeley.edu http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/~hearst