1. Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America

2. –archaeology –physical or biological anthropology (bioanthropology) –socio / cultural anthropology –linguistic anthropology The Fields of General Anthropology

3. –archaeology –physical or biological anthropology (bioanthropology) –socio / cultural anthropology –linguistic anthropology

4. http://www.tamu.edu/anthropology/news.html Texas A & M

5. http://www.tamu.edu/anthropology/news.html Texas A & M

6. http://www.tamu.edu/anthropology/news.html 1 2 3 4 The main fields of general anthropology

7. culture as a primary concept comparative methods as major approaches to the study of human behavior development and structure holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary goal of anthropology Main Characteristics

8. culture as a primary concept comparative methods as major approaches to the study of human behavior development and structure holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary goal of anthropology Main Characteristics

9. “culture” –learned –shared –transmitted from generation to generation –based on symbols –integrated Main Characteristics

10. “culture” is not inherited (i.e., is not biological) is not “instinct” Main Characteristics

11. “cultures” are integrated interact and change Main Characteristics Ruth Fulton Benedict 1887-1948 Patterns of Culture 1934

12. The Concept of Culture Microculture –a distinct pattern of learned and shared behavior and thinking found within larger cultures such as ethnic groups in localized regions –local cultures

13. The Concept of Culture Microculture –a distinct pattern of learned and shared behavior and thinking found within larger cultures such as ethnic groups in localized regions –local cultures

14. microcultures can include ethnic groups within nations – e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa) – e.g., Irish “Travellers” sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies” –e.g., Rom (Gypsies) –e.g., Basques – e.g., Kurds – e.g., Australian Aboriginals The Concept of Culture

15. microcultures can include ethnic groups within nations – e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa) – e.g., Irish “Travellers” sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies” –e.g., Rom (Gypsies) –e.g., Basques – e.g., Kurds – e.g., Australian Aboriginals The Concept of Culture

16. www.duluthnewstribune.com/articles/index.cfm?id=73293&section=homepage

17. www.worldlicenceplates.com/usa/US_MNXX.html

20. microcultures can include ethnic groups within nations – e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa) – e.g., Irish “Travellers” sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies” –e.g., Rom (Gypsies) –e.g., Basques – e.g., Kurds – e.g., Australian Aboriginals The Concept of Culture

21. The Irish Tinkers: The Urbanization of an Itinerant People by George Gmelch 1985 Compare...

22. microcultures can include ethnic groups within nations – e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa) – e.g., Irish “Travellers” sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies” –e.g., Rom (Gypsies) –e.g., Basques – e.g., Kurds – e.g., Australian Aboriginals The Concept of Culture

23. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.html#BasqueHistory Mark Kurlansky The Basque History of the World. NY: Penguin Books, 1999. (ISBN: 0140298517) Compare...

24. microcultures can include ethnic groups within nations – Aztec – Maya – Zapotec – Mixtec – Otomi – Tarascan – Yaqui – Tarahumara... The Concept of Culture

25. Microculture –a distinct pattern of learned and shared behavior and thinking found within larger cultures such as ethnic groups in localized regions –local cultures The Concept of Culture Macroculture a distinct pattern of learned and shared behavior and thinking that crosses local boundaries, such as transnational culture and global culture

26. macrocultures can include groups across nations – e.g., Basques – e.g., Rom (Gypsies) – e.g., ? Al Qaeda The Concept of Culture

27. culture as a primary concept comparative methods as major approaches to the study of human behavior development and structure holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary goal of anthropology Main Characteristics Compare...

28. comparative method –as a major approach to the study of human behavior –the comparative method compares things Main Characteristics Compare...

29. comparative method –One form of comparative method was pioneered by Fred Eggan (University of Chicago) “Social anthropology and the method of controlled comparison” American Anthropologist, 56:743-61 (1954) Main Characteristics Compare...

30. comparative method –One form of comparative method was pioneered by Fred Eggan (University of Chicago) “Social anthropology and the method of controlled comparison” American Anthropologist, 56:743-61 (1954) Main Characteristics Compare...

31. comparative method –Other methods... compare things regionally in an attempt to understand process Main Characteristics Compare...

32. comparative method –Other methods... compare things regionally in an attempt to understand process Main Characteristics Compare...

33. the comparative method compares things, for e.g., process of domestication / civilization maize – Mexico wheat – Turkey rice – China manioc – Brazil millet – Africa Main Characteristics Compare...

34. the comparative method compares things, for e.g., process of domestication / civilization maize – Mexico wheat – Turkey rice – China manioc – Brazil millet – Africa Main Characteristics Compare...

35. the comparative method compares things, for e.g., process of domestication / civilization maize – Mexico wheat – Turkey rice – China manioc – Brazil millet – Africa Main Characteristics Compare...

36. the comparative method compares things, for e.g., process of domestication / civilization maize – Mexico wheat – Turkey rice – China manioc – Brazil millet – Africa Main Characteristics Compare...

37. Origin of Domestication for Selected Plants Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 342. rice 7,000 ybp manioc 4,200 ybp maize 4,200 ybp wheat 10,500 ybp millet 4,000 ybp Compare...

38. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 333. Time line for Ch. 14 Food Production. Neolithic Chapter 14 Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9 th Ed. “Food Production” A Biocultural Revolution

39. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 333. Time line for Ch. 14 Food Production. Neolithic Tehuacán

40. Tehuacán Valley, Puebla, Mexico Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 432. maize 4,200 ybp Compare...

41. www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/matehuac.html#title

43. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 333. Time line for Ch. 14 Food Production. Neolithic

44. Early Neolithic sites Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 349. Compare...

45. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 333. Time line for Ch. 14 Food Production. Neolithic

46. Mehrgarh One of the earliest Neolithic settlements of southern Asia, Pakistan Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 352. Compare...

47. www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Sentinels.html#title Compare...

48. www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Out_of_Past.html#title Compare...

49. www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Collapse.html#title Compare...

50. www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Fall_Maya.html#title

51. culture as a primary concept comparative methods as major approaches to the study of human behavior development and structure holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary goal of anthropology Main Characteristics

52. The Fields of General Anthropology –archaeology –physical or biological anthropology (bioanthropology) –socio / cultural anthropology –linguistic anthropology

53. http://www.tamu.edu/anthropology/news.html 1 2 3 4 The main fields of general anthropology

55. holism

57. difficult terms

58. ethnography – scientific description of cultures (“a portrait of a people”) Glossary

59. ethno – graphy –graph from the Greek, meaning something “written” or “drawn”

60. ethnology – comparative study of cultures Glossary

61. ethology –scientific study of the social behavior of animals, especially in their natural environments –note that there is no n in ethology Glossary

62. Main Characteristics one more characteristic of anthropology is important... 1.culture as a primary concept 2.comparative method as major approach to the study of human behavior 3.holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal of anthropology

63. 1.culture as a primary concept 2.comparative method as major approach to the study of human behavior 3.holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal of anthropology Main Characteristics 4.fieldwork as a primary research technique (“participant observation”)

64. 1.culture as a primary concept 2.comparative method as major approach to the study of human behavior 3.holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal of anthropology Main Characteristics 4.fieldwork as a primary research technique (“participant observation”)

65. 1.culture as a primary concept 2.comparative method as major approach to the study of human behavior 3.holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal of anthropology Main Characteristics 4.fieldwork as a primary research technique (“participant observation”) = approach = tool

66. Glossary Other important terms include...

67. ethnocentrism –judging other cultures by the standards of one’s own culture rather than by the standards of that particular culture Glossary

68. cultural relativism –the perspective that each culture must be understood in terms of the values and ideas of that culture and should not be judged by the standards of another Glossary

69. cultural relativism Glossary absolute cultural relativism critical cultural relativism

70. cultural relativism Glossary absolute cultural relativism critical cultural relativism

71. absolute cultural relativism –the perspective that says a person from one culture should not question the rightness or wrongness of behavior or ideas in other cultures because that would be ethnocentric Glossary

72. absolute cultural relativism –World War II Holocaust –arranged “underage” marriage –female genital mutilations –withholding of medical treatment of children for religious reasons –polygyny.... Glossary

73. absolute cultural relativism –World War II Holocaust –arranged “underage” marriage –female genital mutilations –withholding of medical treatment of children for religious reasons –polygyny....

74. Glossary absolute cultural relativism –World War II Holocaust –arranged “underage” marriage –female genital mutilations –withholding of medical treatment of children for religious reasons –polygyny....

75. Glossary absolute cultural relativism –World War II Holocaust –arranged “underage” marriage –female genital mutilations –withholding of medical treatment of children for religious reasons –polygyny....

76. www.examiner.com/a-1567034~Father_renews_call_to_dismiss_homicide_charge.html

77. www.wuwm.com/programs/news/view_news.php?articleid=2242

78. Glossary absolute cultural relativism –World War II Holocaust –arranged “underage” marriage –female genital mutilations –withholding of medical treatment of children for religious reasons –polygyny....

79. http://www.dailytexanonline.com/news/2004/03/26/StateLocal/Polygamists.Might.Be.Building.In.Texas-642621.shtml

80. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7333004.stm

81. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7431848.stm

82. http://www.presstelegram.com/Stories/0,1413,204%257E23187%257E2235392,00.html

83. cultural relativism Glossary absolute cultural relativism critical cultural relativism

84. –offers an alternative view that poses questions about cultural practices and ideas in terms of who accepts them and why, and who they might be harming or helping Glossary

85. cultural relativism – Aztec human heart sacrifice – cannibalism – selling children – eating insects – eating dogs – stealing peoples’ land and property – infant cranial deformation –...

86. Multiple Cultural Worlds people live in multiple cultural worlds

87. class race ethnicity gender age institutions

88. “units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo, Nan) –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck) –the community –a region –“culture area” –a culture / “subculture” Chicanos “Irish” “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”) “Rom” (“Gypsies”) “Basques” Catalans

89. “units of analysis” may include: –one person –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck) –the community –a region –“culture area” –a culture / “subculture” Chicanos “Irish” “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”) “Rom” (“Gypsies”) “Basques” Catalans

90. www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Chamula.html#title

91. www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Appeals.html Pozas, Ricardo. 1952. Juan Pérez Jolote. México: Colección Popular, Fondo de Cultura Económica (FCE). Film: Juan Perez Jolote (1975) Juan the Chamula: An Ethnological Recreation of the Life of a Mexican Indian. 1962. University of California Press.

92. Compare... Between Two Cultures:The Life of an American-Mexican, As Told to John J. Poggie, Jr. Gonzales, Ramón, and John J. Poggie. 1973. University of Arizona Press.

93. www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth4616/video/A_Mamani.html#title Compare...

94. This was earlier advocated by: Oscar Lewis Bronislow Malinowski Edward Sapir (“Sapir-Whorf” hypothesis) Margaret Mead

95. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.html#Nan Sharon Gmelch Nan: The Life of an Irish Traveling Woman, Revised Edition. Long Grove: IL: Waveland Press, 1991. (ISBN: 0881336025) Compare...

96. “units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo) –the family –the community –a region –“culture area” –a culture / “subculture” Chicanos “Irish” “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”) “Rom” (“Gypsies”) “Basques” Catalans

97. Oscar Lewis Compare...

98. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1604/video/Life_Chances.html#title Compare...

99. “units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo) –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck) –the community –a region –“culture area” –a culture / “subculture” Chicanos “Irish” “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”) “Rom” (“Gypsies”) “Basques” Catalans

100. 1930Tepoztlan, a Mexican Village: A Study of Folk Life Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1941 Folk Culture of Yucatan Chicago: University of Chicago Press Robert Redfield Compare...

101. Lewis - Refield debate Robert Redfield –Tepoztlan, a Mexican Village: A Study of Folk Life Oscar Lewis –Life in a Mexican Village: Tepoztlan Restudied Compare...

102. www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Appeals.html#title

103. www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Excavations.html#title

104. www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Teotihuacan.html#title

105. www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Copan.html#title

107. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.html#InisBeag John C. Messenger Inis Beag: Isle of Ireland. Long Grove: IL: Waveland Press, 1983. (ISBN: 0881330515) Inis Beag GaelicGaelic: "Little Island" Compare...

108. “units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo) –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck) –the community –a region –“culture area” –a culture / “subculture” Chicanos “Irish” “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”) “Rom” (“Gypsies”) “Basques” Catalans

109. “units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo) –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck) –the community –a region –“culture area” –a culture / “subculture” Chicanos “Irish” “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”) “Rom” (“Gypsies”) “Basques” Catalans Valley of Mexico Soconusco El Bajío Huasteca Yucatán...

110. www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Copan.html#title

111. www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/matehuac.html#title

112. Tehuacán Valley, Puebla, Mexico Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 432. maize 4,200 ybp Compare...

113. “Classics" in Anthropology 1930Tepoztlan, a Mexican Village: A Study of Folk Life Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1941 Folk Culture of Yucatan Chicago: University of Chicago Press Robert Redfield

114. ..Man of Aran (77 min, 1934, B&W) –Robert J. Flaherty, –Colman “Tiger” King, –Maggie Dirrane, and –Michael Dirrane Compare...

115. “units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo) –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck) –the community –a region –“culture area” –a culture / “subculture” Chicanos “Irish” “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”) “Rom” (“Gypsies”) “Basques” Catalans

116. some areas are “officially” anthropological “cultural areas”...

117. http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/atlas.htm Compare...

118. “Mesoamerica” (cultural) “Middle America” (geological)

119. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.html#title Parman, Susan. Europe in the Anthropological Imagination. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998. Compare...

120. “units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo) –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck) –the community –a region –“culture area” –a culture / “subculture” Maya –Chamula –Lancandon –Tzotzil –Tzeltal –Zoque Yaqui Otomi Tarascan Mixtec Zapotec Olmec Toltec Aztec Teotihuacanos Tarahumara

121. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico#History_of_the_indigenous_peoples

124. 63

125. www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/matext.html#title

126. “units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo) –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck) –the community –a region –“culture area” –a culture / “subculture” Maya –Chamula –Lancandon –Tzotzil –Tzeltal –Zoque Yaqui Otomi Tarascan Mixtec Zapotec Olmec Toltec Aztec Teotihuac anos Tarahuma ra aka a “microculture”

127. “units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo) –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck) –the community –a region –“culture area” –a culture / “subculture” Maya –Chamula –Lancandon –Tzotzil –Tzeltal –Zoque Yaqui Otomi Tarascan Mixtec Zapotec Olmec Toltec Aztec Teotihuac anos Tarahuma ra

128. www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Maya_Lords.html#title

129. www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Chamula.html#title

130. www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Appeals.html#title

131. “units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo) –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck) –the community –a region –“culture area” –a culture / “subculture” Chicanos “Irish” “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”) “Rom” (“Gypsies”) “Basques” Catalans

132. Unites of analysis may include ethnic groups within and across nations –e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa) –e.g., Rom (Gypsies) –e.g., Irish “Travellers” sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies” –e.g., Kurds (in Turkey) –e.g., Basques

133. The Irish Tinkers: The Urbanization of an Itinerant People by George Gmelch 1985 Compare...

134. Unites of analysis may include ethnic groups within and across nations –e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa) –e.g., Rom (Gypsies) –e.g., Irish “Travellers” sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies” –e.g., Kurds (in Turkey) –e.g., Basques

135. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.html#BasqueHistory Mark Kurlansky The Basque History of the World. NY: Penguin Books, 1999. (ISBN: 0140298517) Compare...

136. “units of analysis” may also include: –a nation (“national character studies”) –the item or action itself (including “processes”) –a “cultural metaphor”

137. www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/matext.html#title

138. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.html#CrisisofBirths Elizabeth L. Krause A Crisis of Births: Population Politics and Family-Making in Italy Belmont, CA: Thompson Wadsworth, 2005. Compare...

139. “units of analysis” may also include: –a nation (“national character studies”) –the item or action itself (including “processes”) –a “cultural metaphor”

140. demography / population gender ethnicity nationalism globalization “development” social / cultural change decision-making peasants urbanism / urbanization Parman's classic picks Parman's classic picks -- Tony Galt stratification internal and transnational migration “transnationalism” networks honor / shame values patron-client relationships literacy “we” vs. “other” rural / urban continuum

141. www.pbs.org/saf/1406/index.html Compare...

142. www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Fallacy_of_Diffusionism.html#title Compare...

143. www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Fifth_World.html#title

144. www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Sweat.html#title Compare...

145. www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/mayacode/

146. www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Fall_Maya.html#title

147. www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Conquistadors.html#title Compare...

148. www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/aztec_massacre/aztec_massacre

149. www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.html#Cod Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World NY: Penguin Books, 1998 Compare...

150. “units of analysis” may also include: –a nation (“national character studies”) –the item or action itself (including “processes”) –a “cultural metaphor”

151. www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1095/index.html#text Compare...

152. Gannon’s European Cultural Metaphors include Ch. 12. Irish Conversations Ch. 17. The Traditional British House Ch. 21.The Italian Opera Ch. 22. Belgian Lace Ch. 24. The Russian Ballet Ch. 25. The Spanish Bullfight Ch. 26. The Portuguese Bullfight Compare...

153. Ch. 12. Irish Conversations Ch. 17. The Traditional British House Ch. 21.The Italian Opera Ch. 22. Belgian Lace Ch. 24. The Russian Ballet Ch. 25. The Spanish Bullfight Ch. 26. The Portuguese Bullfight Compare... Gannon’s European Cultural Metaphors include

154. Compare...

155. Ch. 12. Irish Conversations Ch. 17. The Traditional British House Ch. 21.The Italian Opera Ch. 22. Belgian Lace Ch. 24. The Russian Ballet Ch. 25. The Spanish Bullfight Ch. 26. The Portuguese Bullfight Compare... Gannon’s European Cultural Metaphors include

156. http://www.carn.com/IrishTales.htm Compare...

157. and the Units of Analysis can be combined

158. demography / population gender ethnicity nationalism globalization “development” social / cultural change decision-making peasants urbanism / urbanization Parman's classic picks Parman's classic picks -- Tony Galt stratification internal and transnational migration “transnationalism” networks honor / shame values patron-client relationships literacy “we” vs. “other” rural / urban continuum

159. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.html#CrisisofBirths Elizabeth L. Krause A Crisis of Births: Population Politics and Family-Making in Italy Belmont, CA: Thompson Wadsworth, 2005. Italy + demography Compare...

160. www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Chamula.html#title

161. www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Culture_and_Math.html#title

162. www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1604/video/Kypseli.html#title Compare...

163. the three major contemporary debates Biological Determinism vs. Cultural Constructionism (“nature vs. nurture”) (“learned vs. inherited”) free will” vs. “power structures”)

164. www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/01/AR2008090102087.html

165. Biological Determinism vs. Cultural Constructionism (“nature vs. nurture”) (“learned vs. inherited”) Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism Individual Agency vs. Structuralism (“free will” vs. “power structures”) the three major contemporary debates

166. Biological Determinism vs. Cultural Constructionism (“nature vs. nurture”) (“learned vs. inherited”) Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism Individual Agency vs. Structuralism (“free will” vs. “power structures”) the three major contemporary debates

167. Biological Determinism vs. Cultural Constructionism (“nature vs. nurture”) (“learned vs. inherited”) Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism Ipeace. Structuralism (“free will” vs. “power structures”) Peace Justice Security Freedom Honor God’s will / Allah’s will... the three major contemporary debates

168. http://rawstory.com/news/afp/Bush_says_Iraq_war_about_al_Qaeda_07242007.html Peace Justice Security Freedom Honor [God’s will / Allah’s will...]

169. http://news.aol.com/political-machine/2008/09/02/sarah-palin-iraq-war-gods-plan/

172. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade The Siege of Antioch, from a medieval miniature painting, during the First Crusade.

173. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_arc Saint Joan of Arc Burned at the stake by an ecclesiastical court For leading the French Armey by divine guidance During the Hundred Years’ War (1337 to 1453 )

174. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade More to the point: when considering the “whole of history” and the cannons of critical cultural relativism actions such as Aztec human sacrifice and cannibalism, Yanomamó female infanticide, and the like may not make sense to everyone, but they are more understandable

175. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade Example: Some Neandertals were cannibals, as were the Aztecs and others... Did they eat people because of something like a religious belief? Because they tasted good? Ideationism Cultural Materialism or

176. Biological Determinism vs. Cultural Constructionism (“nature vs. nurture”) (“learned vs. inherited”) Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism Individual Agency vs. Structuralism (“free will” vs. “power structures”) the three major contemporary debates

177. Biological Determinism vs. Cultural Constructionism (“nature vs. nurture”) (“learned vs. inherited”) Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism Ipeace. Structuralism (“free will” vs. “power structures”) Aztecs must sacrifice and eat humans in order to please the gods in order that the gods allow the sun to rise each day the three major contemporary debates Compare...

178. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mendoza_HumanSacrifice.jpg Human sacrifice as shown in the Codex Magliabechiano Compare...

179. Biological Determinism vs. Cultural Constructionism (“nature vs. nurture”) (“learned vs. inherited”) Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism Ipeace. Structuralism (“free will” vs. “power structures”) Aztecs sacrificed and ate humans in order to control population size in order to preserve their property, and to terrorize their neighbors so they will continue to provide goods and services as tribute the three major contemporary debates Compare...

180. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mendoza_HumanSacrifice.jpg A tzompantli, or skull rack, as shown in the post-Conquest Ramirez Codex. Compare...

181. www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/09/17/2034283.htm Cultural Materialism

182. Marvin Harris. The Rise of Anthropological Theory: A History of Theories of Culture, Updated Edition. Lanham, MD: Altamira Press, 2000.

183. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_materialism_%28anthropology%29

184. www.cultural-materialism.org/cultural-materialism/

185. Biological Determinism vs. Cultural Constructionism (“nature vs. nurture”) (“learned vs. inherited”) Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism Individual Agency vs. Structuralism (“free will” vs. “power structures”) the three major contemporary debates

186. Biological Determinism vs. Cultural Constructionism (“nature vs. nurture”) (“learned vs. inherited”) Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism Individual Agency vs. Structuralism (“free will” vs. “power structures”) the three major contemporary debates

187. Biological Determinism vs. Cultural Constructionism (“nature vs. nurture”) (“learned vs. inherited”) Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism Individual Agency vs. Structuralism (“free will” vs. “power structures”) the three major contemporary debates

188. www.wenatcheeworld.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080122/FOOD/373497927/1030/rss1030

190. www.cafepress.com/metalstar.71120928

191. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exorcism Painting by Francisco Goya of Saint Francis Borgia performing an exorcism.

192. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exorcism Saint Francis exorcised demons in Arezzo Giotto

193. www.duluthsuperior.com/mld/duluthtribune/news/nation/10948054.htm

194. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/728180.stm

195. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4272689.stm