1. COMP 110 Introduction to Programming Mr. Joshua Stough October 24, 2007

2. Today Review Reserved word this Arrays

3. Announcements HW6

4. Review Scope public class Rectangle { // variables declared here are class-level // available in all methods in Rectangle class public int computeArea() { // variables declared here are method-level // only available in computeArea() } public void print() { // variables declared here are method-level // only available in print() }

5. The Reference this Reserved word Refers to instance variables and methods of a class Allows you to distinguish between member variables and local variables with the same name

6. Rectangle.java public class Rectangle { private int length; private int width; public Rectangle (int length, int width) { this.length = length; this.width = width; }

7. Reference Variables as Parameters If a formal parameter is a reference variable: –copies value of corresponding actual parameter –value of actual parameter is address of object where actual data is stored –both formal and actual parameter refer to same object

8. Review Overloading Methods Overloading - the process of using the same method name for multiple methods The signature of each overloaded method must be unique –number of parameters –type of the parameters –not the return type of the method, though The compiler determines which version of the method is being invoked by analyzing the parameters

9. Review public Rectangle (int l, int w) { length = l; width = w; } public class Rectangle { private int length; private int width; Rectangle r2 = new Rectangle (5, 10); public Rectangle () { length = 0; width = 0; }

10. Review A method should be relatively small –it should be able to be understood as a single entity –its name should fully describe its function A potentially large method should be decomposed into several smaller methods as needed for clarity A service method of an object may call one or more support methods to accomplish its goal

11. Thought Exercise Write a method for the Rectangle class called printBox that will print the rectangle as a box made of % example: length = 3, width = 5 %%% % %%%

12. public void printBox () { for (int i = 1; i <= width; i++) System.out.print("%"); System.out.println( ); for (int i = 1; i <= length - 2; i++) { System.out.print("%"); for (int j = 1; j <= width - 2; j++) System.out.print(" "); System.out.println("%"); } for (int i = 1; i <= width; i++) System.out.print("%"); System.out.println( ); } %%%% % % %%%% length = 3, width = 8

13. The toString Method Special method in Java classes Produces a String object based on the current object, suitable for printing Mapped to the '+' operator Also called when the object is a parameter in a print() or println() method There is a default toString method, but it's better if we write our own

14. Rectangle.java public String toString() { String result = ""; result += "length: " + length + "\n"; result += "width: " + width; return (result); } Rectangle r = new Rectangle (2,3); System.out.println (r); length: 2 width: 3

15. The Modifier static In the method heading, specifies that the method can be invoked by using the name of the class –no object has to be created in order to use the method –can't call a non-static method from a static method –can't access non-static variables from a static method If used to declare data member, data member invoked by using the class name –no object has to be created in order to use the variables

16. static Variables Shared among all objects of the class Memory created for static variables when class is loaded –memory created for instance variables (non-static) when an object is instantiated (using new) If one object changes the value of the static variable, it is changed for all objects of that class

17. Illustrate Class public class Illustrate { private int x; public static int y; private static int count; public Illustrate() { x = 0; } public Illustrate (int a) { x = a; } public static void incrementCount() { count++; } Illustrate obj1 = new Illustrate(3); x 3 x 5 0 y count 0 obj1 obj2 Illustrate.incrementCount(); 1 1 Illustrate obj2 = new Illustrate(5); Illustrate.y++;

18. Arrays An array is a list of values that can be represented by one variable Members of an array must all have the same data type Each value is stored at a specific, numbered position in the array –the number corresponding to each position is called an index or subscript All arrays have a length –number of elements the array can hold 01 23

19. Declaring Arrays type[] name; The array (element) data type Empty square brackets The array (variable) name Creates a reference variable called name that can point to an array of type elements. 01 23

20. Declaring Arrays Examples // array of characters char[] characterSet; // array of counters (integers) int[] counter; // array of grades (doubles) double[] grade; counter characterSet grade 01 23

21. Instantiating Arrays You must instantiate (create) arrays –the size of an array is typically not known before run time name = new type[size]; The array (element) data type The new operator The array (variable) name The assignment operator The number of elements 01 23

22. Instantiating Arrays Examples // instantiate an array of counters counter = new int[5]; // instantiate the array of grades numStudents = 10; grade = new double[numStudents]; counter 0 1 2 3 4 0 <= index < size 01 23

23. Declaration and Instantiation type[] name = new type[size]; DeclarationInstantiation 01 23

24. Arrays of Objects Can use arrays to manipulate objects Create array of objects Must instantiate each object in array classname[] array = new classname[size]; for(int j=0; j <array.length; j++) { array[j] = new classname(); }

25. Example int[] num = new int[5]; 01 23

26. Array Access Examples averageScore = (score[0]+score[1]+score[2])/3; numStudents = 3; totalScore = 0; for (int i = 0; i < numStudents; i++) { totalScore += score[i]; } averageScore = totalScore/numStudents; double score[] = new double[3]; score[0] = 98.3; score[1] = 57.8; score[2] = 93.4; often use loops for access 01 23

27. Array Length Arrays have length –an internal variable called length –number of elements in array –access the length variable using the “dot’ notation (arrayname. length) // loop through the array of test scores sumOfScores = 0; for (int i=0; i<scores.length; i++) { sumOfScores += scores[i]; } 01 23

28. int counter[] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0}; char[] characterSet = {‘a’,’b’,’c’}; // etc. Initializing Arrays Array elements are variables too! –if you don’t initialize, the contents are undefined When and how? –if you don’t yet know the size initialize at run time, typically with a loop –if you know how many elements perhaps use an initializer list 01 23

29. Lists the initial value for the elements of an array Items are separated by commas and the list is in braces {} The size of the array is determined by the number of items in the list int[] scores = {87, 98, 45}; Can only be used in the same statement as declaring the array NOTint[] scores; scores = {87, 98, 45}; Initializer Lists 01 23

30. Next Time in COMP 110 Arrays Reading Assignment: Ch 9