1. Processes

2. Process ID (pid) Synopsis #include pid_t getpid(void) – returns the pid of the currently running process. pid_t getppid(void) – returns the pid of the parent of the currently running process. POSIX

3. PID Example /* Example 2.1 */ #include #include void main(void) { printf("Process ID: %ld\n", (long)getpid()); printf("Parent process ID: %ld\n", (long)getppid()); return 0; }

4. User/Group ID System managers assign a unique integral user ID and an integral group ID to each user when creating the user’s account The system uses the user and group Ids to retrieve privileges from the system database for that user Each process is identified with a particular user called the owner Each user has a unique ID (uid) Effective User ID (euid) can change during execution and determine access permissions to files System manager has a UID of 0 POSIX

5. User/Group ID Synopsis SYNOPSIS #include gid_t getegid(void); uid_t geteuid(void); gid_t getgid(void); uid_t getuid(void); POSIX

6. User/Group ID Example #include int main (void) { printf(“My real user ID is %5ld\n”, (long) getuid()); printf(“My effective user ID is %5ld\n”, (long) geteuid()); printf(“My real group ID is %5ld\n”, (long) getgid()); printf(“My effective group ID is %5ld\n”, (long) getuid()); return 0; }

7. Process States new blocked readydone running

8. ps Displays information about processes. The – a option displays information for processes associated with terminals SYNOPSIS ps [-aA] [-G grouplist] [-o format]… [-p proclist] [-t termlist] [-U userlist] POSIX Shells and Utilities -

9. ps Fields headerMeaning F S UID PID PPID C PRI NI ADDR SZ WCHAN TTY TIME COMMAND Flags associated with the process The process state The user ID of the process owner The process ID The parent process ID The processor utilization used for scheduling The priority of the process The nice value The memory address of the process The size of the process image The address of the event if the process is sleeping The controlling terminal Cumulative execution time Command name

10. fork System Call Creates child process by copying parent’s memory image SYNOPSIS #include pid_t fork(void) POSIX

11. fork return values Returns 0 to child Returns child PID to parent Returns –1 on error

12. Fork Attributes Child inherits: Parent’s memory image Most of the parent’s attributes including environment and privilege. Some of parent’s resources such as open files. Child does not inherit: Parent pid. Parent time clock (child clock is set to 0).

13. fork Example #include #include #include void main(void) { pid_t childpid; childpid = fork()) if(childpid == -1 { perror(“failed to fork”); return 1; } if(childpid == 0) { fprintf(stderr, "I am the child, ID = %ld\n", (long)getpid()); /* child code goes here */ } else if (childpid > 0) { fprintf(stderr, "I am the parent, ID = %ld\n", (long)getpid()); /* parent code goes here */ } }

14. fork (Chain) #include #include #include void main(void) { int i; int n; pid_t childpid; n = 4; for (i = 1; i < n; ++i) if (childpid = fork()) break; fprintf(stderr,"This is process %ld with parent %ld\n", (long)getpid(), (long)getppid()); sleep(1); }

15. fork (Fan) #include #include #include void main(void) { int i; int n; pid_t childpid; n = 4; for (i = 1; i < n; ++i) if ((childpid = fork()) <= 0) break; fprintf(stderr, "This is process %ld with parent %ld\n", (long)getpid(), (long)getppid()); sleep(1); }

16. fork (Tree) #include #include #include void main(void) { int i; int n; pid_t childpid; for (i = 1; i < 4; ++i) if ((childpid = fork()) == -1) break; fprintf(stderr, "This is process %ld with parent %ld\n", (long)getpid(), (long)getppid()); sleep(1); }

17. wait Function SYNOPSIS #include pid_t wait (int *stat_loc); pid_t waitpid(pid_t pid, int *stat_loc, int options); POSIX

18. wait errno errnocause ECHILDcaller has no unwaited-for children (wait) or process or process group specified by pid does not exist (waitpid), or process group specified by pid does not have a member that is a child of caller (waitpid) EINTRfunction was interrupted by a signal EINVALoptions parameter of waitpid was invalid

19. pid_t wait(int *stat_loc) Causes caller to pause until a child terminates, or stops until the caller receives a signal. If wait returns because a child terminates, the return value (of type pid_t) is positive and is the pid of that child. Otherwise wait returns –1 and sets errno. stat_loc is a pointer to an integer variable. If caller passes something other than NULL, wait stores the return status (terminate status?) of the child. POSIX specifies the following macros for testing the return status: WIFEXITED, WEXITSTUS, WIFSIGNALED, WTERMSIG, WIFSTOPPED, and WSTOPSIG. Child returns status by calling exit, _exit, or return.

20. Chain with wait #include … void main(void) { int i; int n; pid_t childpid; int status; pid_t waitreturn; n = 4; for (i = 1; i < n; ++i) if (childpid = fork()) break; while(childpid != (waitreturn = wait(&status))) if ((waitreturn == -1) && (errno != EINTR)) break; fprintf(stderr, "I am process %ld, my parent is %ld\n", (long)getpid(), (long)getppid()); }

21. r_wait Restarts the wait function if it is interrupted by a signal

22. Status Values SYNOPSIS #include WIFEXITED (int stat_val) WIFEXITSTATUS (int stat_val) WIFSIGNALED (int stat_val) WTERMSIG (int stat_val) WIFSTOPPED (int stat_val) WIFSTOPSIG (int stat_val)

23. Use of Status Values wait(&status); if(WIFSTOPPED(status)) printf(“Child stopped due to a signal”);

24. waitpid (pid,status,options) If the pid paramater is: –greater than 0, wait for child with pid number –equal to 0, wait for any child in the same process group as the caller –equal to –1, wait for any child –less than –1, wait for any child in the process group specified by the absolute value of pid

25. waitpid Status Parameter The second waitpid parameter is used the same way as the wait parameter (i.e., NULL or &status) The second parameter can be tested by status (WIF…) operators

26. waitpid Options Parameter The options parameter is the bitwise or of one or more flags It is set to 0 if there are no options WNOHANG causes waitpid to return even no child has terminated WUNTRACED causes waitpid to report the status of unreported child processes that have been stopped

27. waitpid Return Values waitpid returns: –a value of –1 if an error occurs –a value of 0 if there are possible unwaited- for children that have not terminated (applies when WNOHANG option is set) –a value of the terminating child pid if a child terminates

28. waitpid examples waitreturn = waitpid (apid, &status,0); wait for the specific child apid waitreturn = waitpid (–1, NULL, NOHANG); wait for any child, but do not delay if a child is currently not available waitreturn = waitpid(0, NULL,0) wait for any child in the process group of the calling process waitreturn = waitpid(-4828,NULL,0) wait for any child in the process group 4828

29. waitpid – WNOHANG # include #include #include #include #include void main(void) { int status; pid_t childpid; pid_t waitreturnpid; childpid = fork(); if (childpid == 0) { fprintf(stderr,"Child %ld will sleep for 5 seconds\n",(long)getpid()); sleep(5); fprintf(stderr,"Child %ld will now exit\n",(long)getpid()); exit(0); } sleep(8); fprintf(stderr,"Parent %ld will wait for any child\n",(long)getpid()); while(waitreturnpid = waitpid(-1, &status, WNOHANG)) if (!((waitreturnpid == -1) && (errno != EINTR))) break; fprintf(stderr,"Parent will exit after receiving %ld from waitpid\n", waitreturnpid); }

30. execl, execlp, execle “l” – Passes command directly as a parameter in exec. execl searches for command in fully qualified pathname passed as exec parameter or in current directory execlp uses PATH environment variable to find command execle uses environment passed as exec parameter to find command

31. execv, execvp,execve “v” – Passes command as member of argument array (i.e., argv[] or makeargv[]) execv searches for arg array command in fully qualified pathname passed in exec or in current directory execvp uses PATH environment variable to find arg array command execve uses environment passed as exec parameter to find arg array command

32. execl Example /* Program 2.6 */ #include #include #include #include #include void main(void) { pid_t childpid; int status; if ((childpid = fork()) == -1) { perror("Error in the fork"); exit(1); } else if (childpid == 0) { /* child code */ if (execl("/usr/bin/ls", "ls", "-l", NULL) < 0) { perror("Exec of ls failed"); exit(1); } } else if (childpid != wait(&status)) /* parent code */ perror("A signal occurred before the child exited"); exit(0); }

33. execvp Example /* Program 2.7 */ #include #include #include #include #include void main(int argc, char *argv[]) { pid_t childpid, waitreturn; int status; if ((childpid = fork()) == -1) { perror("The fork failed"); exit(1); } else if (childpid == 0) { /* child code */ if (execvp(argv[1], &argv[1]) < 0) { perror("The exec of command failed"); exit(1); } } else /* parent code */ while(childpid != (waitreturn = wait(&status))) if ((waitreturn == -1) && (errno != EINTR)) break; exit(0); }

34. errno for exec errno E2BIG EACCESEINVAL ELOOP ENAMEOOLONG ENOENT ENOEXEC ENOTDIR

35. Use of makeargv #include #include #include #include #include #include “restart.h” int makeargv(char *s, char *delimiters, char ***argvp); void main(int argc, char *argv[]) { char **myargv; char delim[] = " \t"; pid_t childpid; if (argc != 2) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s string\n", argv[0]); return 1; } childpid = fork(); if (childpid == -1) { perror(“Failed to fork“); return 1 } if (childpid == 0) { /* child code */ if (makeargv(argv[1], delim, &myargv) == -1) { perror (“Child failed to constuct argument array”); } else { execvp(myargv[0], &myargv[0]); perror(“Child failed to exec command"); } return 1; } } /* parent code */ if (childpid != r_wait(NULL))) { perror(“Parent failed to wait”); return 1; } return 0 }

36. Attributes Preserved by Calls to exec Preserved AttributeRelevant System Call Process ID Parent process ID Process group ID Session ID Real user ID Real group ID Supplementary group IDs Time left on alarm signal Current working directory Root directory File mode creation mask File size limit* Process signal mask Pending signals Time elapsed getpid() getppid() getpgid() getsid() getuid() getgid() getgroups() alarm() getcwd() unmask() ulimit() sigprocmask() sigpending() times() Continued on next slide

37. exec Attributes (Continued) Preserved AttributeRelevant System Call resource limits* controlling terminal* interval timers* nice values* semadj values* getrlimit(), setrlimit() open(), tcgetpgrp() ualarm() nice() semop() An * indicates an attribute that is inherited in the POSIX:XSI Extension

38. Background Processes Child process becomes background process when it executes setsid(). Child that becomes background process never returns to parent. Background processes cannot be interrupted with ctrl-c.

39. Daemon A daemon is a background process that runs indefinitely. Examples: Solaris 2 pageout daemon Mailer daemon

40. Background Processes #include #include #include #include #include “restart.h” int makeargv(char *s, char *delimiters, char ***argvp); void main(int argc, char *argv[]) { char **myargv; char delim[] = " \t"; pid_t childpid; if (argc != 2) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s string\n", argv[0]); return 1; } childpid = fork()); if (childpid == -1) { perror("The fork failed"); return 1 } if (childpid == 0) { /* child becomes a background process */ if (setsid() == -1) perror("Could not become a session leader"); else if (makeargv(argv[1], delim, &myargv) == =1) fprintf(stderr, "Argument array could not be constructed\n"); else { execvp(myargv[0], &myargv[0]); perror(“Child failed to exec command"); } return 1; } /* child should never return */ return 0 } /* parent exits */

41. Critical Sections Interleaved printing. Multi-process to shared memory where at least one process is writing.