2. The Publication of Research Information: Does Astronomy’s Present Portend a More General Future? Michael J. Kurtz Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

3. The Current State 10,000 professional astronomers10,000 professional astronomers $6,000,000,000 yearly budget$6,000,000,000 yearly budget ($600,000 per astronomer-year)($600,000 per astronomer-year) 3½ Large Main Journals3½ Large Main Journals + ~5 Smaller High Quality+ ~5 Smaller High Quality ~8000 High Quality Papers/year~8000 High Quality Papers/year ($750,000 per paper)($750,000 per paper)

4. The Current State – Also High Quality Articles from Physics and Planetary ScienceHigh Quality Articles from Physics and Planetary Science Several Dozen 2 nd tier journalsSeveral Dozen 2 nd tier journals Many Conference ProceedingsMany Conference Proceedings Many Abstract BooksMany Abstract Books 49,000 total papers/year49,000 total papers/year 17,000 refereed in some manner17,000 refereed in some manner

5. Besides the Journals ADSADS CDSCDS Data Archives (Virtual Observatory)Data Archives (Virtual Observatory) arXivarXiv

6. Astronomer CDSADS Data Centers JournalsarXiv Data Links

7. A Quick Tour of ADS 1 st Find all papers in refereed journals by me which have the word “halo” in the title1 st Find all papers in refereed journals by me which have the word “halo” in the title 2 nd Get the citing papers for one of these papers2 nd Get the citing papers for one of these papers 3 rd Notice the equivalence of arXiv eprints and journal articles in the ADS system3 rd Notice the equivalence of arXiv eprints and journal articles in the ADS system

12. ADS Tour - Part Two 1 st Use combined CDS-ADS search to get papers concerning the x-ray properties of the Cluster of Galaxies Abell 754 which have Data Links, sort by citations1 st Use combined CDS-ADS search to get papers concerning the x-ray properties of the Cluster of Galaxies Abell 754 which have Data Links, sort by citations 2 nd Notice that all the most cited papers concern older experiments2 nd Notice that all the most cited papers concern older experiments

15. ADSTour – Part Two Continued 3 rd Use data mining techniques to discover what papers are currently being read by people who read the 79 papers on Abell 754 x-ray properties with Data Links3 rd Use data mining techniques to discover what papers are currently being read by people who read the 79 papers on Abell 754 x-ray properties with Data Links 4 th Notice that these most popular papers have Data Links to the most current data sets on the x-ray properties of clusters of galaxies4 th Notice that these most popular papers have Data Links to the most current data sets on the x-ray properties of clusters of galaxies

18. The Publishers Nightmare? myADS-arXiv is a fully customized to each user, open access virtual journal which includes nearly every important paper in Physics and Astronomy about four months before it is available from the journal.myADS-arXiv is a fully customized to each user, open access virtual journal which includes nearly every important paper in Physics and Astronomy about four months before it is available from the journal.

20. The Effect of the arXiv What is the readership pattern for articles in the arXiv, how does that differ from the journal version of the same article?What is the readership pattern for articles in the arXiv, how does that differ from the journal version of the same article?

23. The Effect of the arXiv What is the citation pattern for articles in the arXiv, how does that differ from the journal version of the same article?What is the citation pattern for articles in the arXiv, how does that differ from the journal version of the same article?

25. The Effect of the arXiv Currently 75% of Astrophysical Journal articles are preprinted in the arXiv. What is the difference in citation histories for those which are preprinted compared with those which are not?Currently 75% of Astrophysical Journal articles are preprinted in the arXiv. What is the difference in citation histories for those which are preprinted compared with those which are not? What is the readership history?What is the readership history?

28. The Effect of the arXiv How has the arXiv changed the citation behavior of astronomers?How has the arXiv changed the citation behavior of astronomers?

30. The Effect of the arXiv The citation advantage of being in the arXiv is also present for PhysicsThe citation advantage of being in the arXiv is also present for Physics The time history of citation impact factor for Physical Review D (nearly 100% in arXiv) shows thisThe time history of citation impact factor for Physical Review D (nearly 100% in arXiv) shows this

32. The Effect of the arXiv The difference in change of citation impact with time for Physical Review D (~100% arXiv) with Physical Review B (~40% arXiv) also shows thisThe difference in change of citation impact with time for Physical Review D (~100% arXiv) with Physical Review B (~40% arXiv) also shows this As does the difference in citation impact with time for Nuclear Physics B (~100% arXiv) with Nuclear Physics A (~35% arXiv).As does the difference in citation impact with time for Nuclear Physics B (~100% arXiv) with Nuclear Physics A (~35% arXiv).

35. Conclusions - Comments With a total cost of <1% of the cost of personnel the journals are cheap. Far more important than cost for astronomers is utility.With a total cost of <1% of the cost of personnel the journals are cheap. Far more important than cost for astronomers is utility. It is not possible to be in a position to write an article for the Astrophysical Journal without also being able to read the Astrophysical Journal.It is not possible to be in a position to write an article for the Astrophysical Journal without also being able to read the Astrophysical Journal. Physical Review also.Physical Review also.

36. Conclusions - Comments Astronomers want to read the articles ASAP, they are quite willing to short circuit the refereeing process to do so.Astronomers want to read the articles ASAP, they are quite willing to short circuit the refereeing process to do so. Astronomy’s preprint culture has led to a situation where an article must be put up on astro_ph in order to be noticed, just being published in the journal will not do.Astronomy’s preprint culture has led to a situation where an article must be put up on astro_ph in order to be noticed, just being published in the journal will not do. Also true for PhysicsAlso true for Physics

37. Conclusions - Comments The danger in the current situation is to the brand. When all the important articles are in astro_ph, and people say they saw the article in astro_ph the value of a brand, such as The Astrophysical Journal is diminished.The danger in the current situation is to the brand. When all the important articles are in astro_ph, and people say they saw the article in astro_ph the value of a brand, such as The Astrophysical Journal is diminished. This may well kill some of the weaker brands very quickly.This may well kill some of the weaker brands very quickly.

38. Conclusions - Comments The solution is for journals to put up there own “preprint” versions, either after submission or acceptance, using a name (doi?) which always provides a permanent link to the current version.The solution is for journals to put up there own “preprint” versions, either after submission or acceptance, using a name (doi?) which always provides a permanent link to the current version.