1. 1 Virtual Memory Sample Questions Project 3 – Build Pthread Lib Extra Office Hour: Wed 4pm-5pm HILL 367 Recitation 6

2. 2 Registers Cache Memory Virtual Memory Memory Hierarchy Answer: Pretend we had something bigger => Virtual Memory

3. 3 Memory Access Cost

4. 4 Virtual Memory Paging (1) The position and function of the MMU

5. 5 Paging (2) The relation between virtual addresses and physical memory addres- ses given by page table

6. 6 Paging: Address Translation CPU pd p f fd f d page table memory virtual address physical address

7. 7 Page Tables (1) Internal operation of MMU with 16 4 KB pages

8. 8 Two-Level Page-Table Scheme

9. 9 Translation Lookaside Buffers Translation on every memory access  must be fast What to do? Caching, of course … –Why does caching work? Temporal locality! –Same as normal memory cache – cache is smaller so can spend more $$ to make it faster Cache for page table entries is called the Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB) –Typically fully associative –Relatively small number of entries (e.g., 64 or 128 entries) On every memory access, we look for the page  frame mapping in the TLB

10. 10 Paging: Address Translation with TLB  TLB hit/ TLB miss CPU pd fd f d TLB memory virtual address physical address p/f f

11. 11 Terms Page frames (Virtual) Pages Page fault Hit /Miss Page table TLB

12. 12 Page Replacement Highly motivated to find a good replacement policy –That is, when evicting a page, how do we choose the best victim in order to minimize the page fault rate? Is there an optimal replacement algorithm? If yes, what is it? Let’s look at an example: –Suppose we have 3 memory frames and are running a program that has the following reference pattern 7, 0, 1, 2, 0, 3, 0, 4, 2, 3 Algorithms: Optimal, Not Recently Used(NRU), Second Chance, FIFO, LRU(Least Recently Used), Working Set & Clock, Nth Chance …

13. 13 Optimal Page Replacement Suppose we know the access pattern in advance 7, 0, 1, 2, 0, 3, 0, 4, 2, 3 Optimal algorithm is to replace the page that will not be used for the longest period of time What’s the problem with this algorithm? Realistic policies try to predict future behavior on the basis of past behavior –Works because of locality

14. 14 Not Recently Used Page Replacement Algorithm Each page has Reference bit, Modified bit –bits are set when page is referenced, modified Pages are classified 1. not referenced, not modified 2. not referenced, modified 3. referenced, not modified 4. referenced, modified NRU removes page at random –from lowest numbered non empty class

15. 15 FIFO Page Replacement Algorithm Maintain a linked list of all pages –in order they came into memory Page at beginning of list replaced (remove the last cell) Disadvantage –Last cells may be often used

16. 16 Least Recently Used (LRU) Assume pages used recently will used again soon –throw out page that has been unused for longest time Must keep a linked list of pages –most recently used at front, least at rear –update this list every memory reference !! Alternatively keep counter in each page table entry –choose page with lowest value counter –periodically zero the counter

17. 17 Segmentation (1) One-dimensional address space with growing tables One table may bump into another

18. 18 Segmentation (2) Allows each table to grow or shrink, independently

19. 19 Segmentation (3) Comparison of paging and segmentation

20. 20 Implementation of Pure Segmentation (a)-(d) Development of checkerboarding (e) Removal of the checkerboarding by compaction

21. 21 Segmentation with Paging: MULTICS (1) Descriptor segment points to page tables Segment descriptor – numbers are field lengths

22. 22 Segmentation with Paging: MULTICS (2) A 34-bit MULTICS virtual address

23. 23 Example Question1 4 page frames, page requests=0172327103 Page Fault Rate??? For FIFO, LRU, (OPT) FIFO MMMMMH H HMH 0 1 7 2 3 2 7 1 0 3 0 1 7 2 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 1 7 2 2 2 2 3 3 0 1 7 7 7 7 2 2 0 1 1 1 1 7 7 LRU MMMMMH H HMM 0 1 7 2 3 2 7 1 0 3 0 1 7 2 3 2 7 1 0 0 1 7 7 3 2 7 1 0 1 1 1 3 2 7

24. Example Question 2 Assume a process is divided into 4 equal-sized segments, and that the system builds a 16-entry page descriptor for each segment. Thus, the system has a combination of segmentation & paging. Assume also that the page size is 4KB. a)What is the maximum size of each segment? b)Assume that an element in physical location 0x21ABC (in hex) is accessed by a thread of this process. What segment, page & offset is the thread trying to access? 24 ANSWER: a)16 * 4KB b)4K = 2^12, therefore, ABC is for offset. 16=2^4,  page 1. and “2” is for segment

25. Example Question 3 A computer has 32-bit virtual addresses & 4-KB pages. The program and data together fit in the lowest page (0-4095). The stack fits in the highest page. How many entries are needed in the page table if one-level paging is used? How many for 2-level page, with 10 bits in each part? 25 ANSWER: Twenty bits are used for the virtual page numbers, leaving 12 over for the offset. This yields a 4-KB page. Twenty bits for the virtual page implies 2^20 pages.

26. Example Question 4 A computer whose processes have 1024 pages in their address spaces keeps its page tables in memory. The overhead required for reading a word from the page table is 5 ns. To reduce this overhead, the computer has a TLB, which hold 32 (virtual page->physical page frame) pairs, and can do a look up in 1 ns. What hit rate is needed to reduce the mean overhead to 2 ns? 26 ANSWER: The effective instruction time is 1h + 5(1 − h), where h is the hit rate. If we equate this formula with 2 and solve for h, we find that h must be at least 0.75.

27. Project 3 Nov 7, 2008 5:00 pm Implement basic functions of Pthread Lib. Use makecontext(), getcontext(), setcontext(), and swapcontext(). Useful Link: –http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/00969 5399/functions/makecontext.htmlhttp://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/00969 5399/functions/makecontext.html 27