1. Divisions of Seed Plants

2. Div: Gnetophyta The “Gnetophytes” n From Triassic Period 200 mya. n Genera: Ephedra n n Genera: Gnetum n n Genera: Welwitschia n

3. Div: Gnetophyta The “Gnetophytes” n 1. Are gymnosperms. n 2. Have vessels as well as tracheids. n 3. Interval between pollination and fertilization is short. n 4. Mostly dioecious. n 5. Embryogeny has a more limited free nuclear period. n 6. Pollen chamber extends to female gametophyte - short pollen tube rapid fertilization.

4. Div: Gnetophyta Order: Gnetales Geneus: Ephedra n 1. Resembles whisk ferns. n 2. Most of the photosynthesis occurs in new branches. n 3. Leaves appressed against stem. n 24-3

5. Div: Gnetophyta Order: Gnetales Geneus: Ephedra n 1. Resembles whisk ferns. n 2. Most of the photosynthesis occurs in new branches. n 3. Leaves appressed against stem. n Ephedrine Chinese 2737 B.C. n 24-3

6. Div: Gnetophyta Order: Ephedrales Genus: Ephedra

7. Div: Gnetophyta Order: Gnetales Geneus: Ephedra n 1. Resembles whisk ferns. n 2. Most of the photosynthesis occurs in new branches. n 3. Leaves appressed against stem. n 4. Compound megastrobili and simple microstrobili. n 24-6 C, D, E

8. Div: Gnetophyta Order: Gnetales Geneus: Ephedra n 1. Resembles whisk ferns. n 2. Most of the photosynthesis occurs in new branches. n 3. Leaves appressed against stem. n 4. Compound megastrobili and simple microstrobili. n 24-6 C, D, E

9. Div: Gnetophyta Order: Gnetales Geneus: Ephedra n 1. Resembles whisk ferns. n 2. Most of the photosynthesis occurs in new branches. n 3. Leaves appressed against stem. n 4. Compound megastrobili and simple microstrobili. n 24-6 C, D, E

10. Div: Gnetophyta Order: Gnetales Geneus: Ephedra n Microsporophylls on Bractioles

11. Div: Gnetophyta Order: Gnetales Geneus: Ephedra

12. n Young ovule:

13. Div: Gnetophyta Order: Gnetales Geneus: Ephedra n Mature ovule: n 24-12

14. Div: Gnetophyta Order: Gnetales Geneus: Ephedra n Embryonic Development:

15. Div: Gnetophyta Order: Gnetales Genus: Gnetum n 24-19 plt n Microsporanium and ovules n 24-20 n nodal collar

16. Div: Gnetophyta Order: Welwitschiales Genus:Welwitschia n 1. Long underground stems. n 2. Straplike leaves - basal meristem. n (intercalary growth)

17. Div: Gnetophyta Order: Welwitschiales Genus:Welwitschia n 24-23 cones n 24-22C

18. Div: Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta) The “Flowering Plants”, “Angiosperms” arose during Jurassic Period 140 mya

19. Div: Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta) The “Flowering Plants”, “Angiosperms” n 1. Double fertilization n 2. Produces triploid endosperm (3n)

20. Div: Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta) The “Flowering Plants”, “Angiosperms” n 1. Double fertilization n 2. Produces triploid endosperm n Female sac (megagametophyte) has 8 nuclei: –antipodals (3) –polar (2) –synergids (2), egg (n) n Fertilization: –sperm nuclei (n) + synergid (n) --> embryo (2n) –sperm nuclei (n ) + 2 polar nuclei (n, n) --> Endosperm (3n)

21. Div: Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta) The “Flowering Plants”, “Angiosperms” n 1. Double fertilization n 2. Produces triploid (3n) endosperm n 3. Ovules and seeds are enclosed in a carpel

22. Div: Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta) The “Flowering Plants”, “Angiosperms” n 1. Double fertilization n 2. Produces triploid (3n) endosperm n 3. Ovules and seeds are enclosed in a carpel. n Evolution of carpel and stamen

23. Div: Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta) The “Flowering Plants”, “Angiosperms” n 1. Double fertilization n 2. Produces triploid (3n) endosperm n 3. Ovules and seeds are enclosed in a carpel n 4. Have flowers

24. Div: Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta) The “Flowering Plants”, “Angiosperms” n Flower structure: –gynecium –Androecium –petals –sepals –receptacle –complete –perfect –monoecious –dioecious

25. Div: Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta) The “Flowering Plants”, “Angiosperms”

26. Pollination in Angiosperms

27. Ovary Position in Angiosperms n Orthotropous Amphitropous n Anatropous Campylotropous

28. Compound Ovary X-section of a Lillium Ovary n Placentation: n Axile n Parietal n Free Central

29. Div: Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta) The “Flowering Plants”, “Angiosperms” n Primitive Flower Structure: n Have many parts spirally arranged. n Magnoliaceae -->

30. Div: Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta) The “Flowering Plants”, “Angiosperms”

31. n Advanced Flower: n A smaller and definite number of flower parts arranged alternate, opposite or whorled. n Orchidaceae -->

32. Angiosperm Life Cycle

33. Fertilization in Angiosperms

34. Evolutionary Adaptations for pollination in Angiosperms n Pollinators and plants have evolved together. n Bird pollinated flowers are red; bee pollinated, blue. n Nectar guides - in ultraviolet. n Long stamen - positioned to brush against pollinator. n Sunken ovary - inferior. n Lack of petals and stamen. n Flowers only open at night.

35. Ovary Position

36. Inflorescences -arrangement of flowers on the flowering stem n solitary n Spike n raceme n cyme n umbel

37. Inflorescences -arrangement of flowers on the flowering stem n compound umbel n head n ------------------- n panicle

38. Inflorescences -arrangement of flowers on the flowering stem n Head

39. Div: Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta) The “Flowering Plants”, “Angiosperms” n 1. Double fertilization n 2. Produces triploid (3n) endosperm n 3. Ovules and seeds are enclosed in a carpel n 4. Have flowers n 5. Produce fruit

40. Fruit (Pericarp)- ripened ovary. n Pericarp layers: n Exocarp n Mesocarp n Endocarp

41. Fruit - ripened (matured) ovary. n Dry Indehiscent: n achene - n one-seeded with close fitting pericarp (sunflower) n Samara (Shizocarp) - n Like achene but with wing(s) n (ash, maple) n Caryopsis - n One-seeded pericarp fused to seed (corn) n Nut - n More than one carpel; hard, woody pericarp (acorn)

42. Fruit - ripened ovary. n Dry Dehiscent: n Legume n Pod opening on two sides n Follicle n Pod opening on one side n Capsule n Opens in a variety of ways

43. Fruit - ripened (matured) ovary.

44. Fruit - ripened ovary. n Fleshy: n Berry n Soft fleshy meso and endocarp (grape) n Drupe n Mesocarp fleshy; endocarp hard and stoney (peach) n Hesperidium n Berry withhard leathery rind;more than one locule (citrus fruits) n Pepo n Like hesperidium but one locule (squash) n Pome n fleshy part develops from pericarp and receptacle (apple) n Hip n achenes in a cup-like receptacle

45. Fruit - ripened (matured) ovary.

46. Fruit - ripened ovary. n Aggregate n Formed from more than one carpel of a single flower n (rapsberry) n Multiple n Formed from more than oner flower

47. Div: Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta) The “Flowering Plants”, “Angiosperms” n 1. Double fertilization n 2. Produces triploid (3n) endosperm n 3. Ovules and seeds are enclosed in a carpel n 4. Have flowers n 5. Produce fruit n 6. Xylem contains vessel elements and fibers. n 7. Phloem contains companion cells

48. Class:Magnoliopsida (dicots) vs. Class: Liliopsida (monocots)

50. Pits and Plasmodesmata

51. Tracheids to Vessels

52. Sieve Tubes and Companion Cells

53. Apical Metistems and Lateral Meristems (Primary and Secondary Growth)

54. Eudicot Pattern of Primary Tissues

55. Angiosperm Life Cycles n Annual n Biennial n Perennial

56. Stem Comparisons n Eudicot n Monocot

57. Older Eudicot Stem

58. Root Morphology

59. Taproot vs. Fibrous Root Systems

60. Root Development (Tip)

61. Root Development

64. Leaf Morphology

65. Leaf Morphology and Adaptation

67. Early Development of a Eudicot

68. Angiosperm Seeds

69. Monocot vs. Dicot Seeds

70. Seed Dormancy and Germination

72. Seed Germination n n n n n n

73. Vegetative Reproduction new plant from a vegetative structure n Stolons - “runners” n Rhizomes - n Corms - n Tubers - n bulbs - n Tip Layering - n suckers -

74. Origin of Angiosperms n * carpels n * double fertilization n * seeds in fruits n * tracheids but no vessels n Amborella

75. Origin of Angiosperms