1. Modeling, Analysis, and Risk Assessment Kansas Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency Conference September 26, 2007 Topeka, Kansas Grant Brohm – grantb@WindLogics.com Technology & Renewables

2. WindLogics Background Founded 1989 - supercomputing background Atmospheric modeling and visualization  US Air Force Operational Weather Squadrons  Israeli Air Force Operational Forecasting System  Harvard University Air Quality Modeling  DOE Real-time Wind Field Monitoring  NASA Meteorological Data Assimilation Experience in fine-scale forecasting systems Applied these advanced modeling and analysis technologies to wind energy since 2002 Subsidiary of FPL Energy since September 2006

3. WindLogics Today 46 people focused on 3 things: 1. Wind Resource – over 700 studies completed 2. Wind Variability – 40-year analysis standard 3. Wind Forecasting – currently ~5000 MW Grand Rapids Sciences Center  Ph.D. atmospheric sciences team for R&D  150 processors & 36 terabytes of storage  Data center with NOAAport Satellite System Saint Paul Operations Center  Meteorology and GIS production, Sales, Operations  400 processors & 90 terabytes of storage  Data center with NOAAport Satellite System

4. Solar Radiation Moisture Fluxes Turbulence Evaporation Convection Condensation Surface Heat Atmospheric Complexity The atmosphere is a dynamic and complex space…

5. Example - Patterns over the Day

6. Complexity of Wind Energy Location & terrain make big difference Power in the wind is proportional to the cube of wind speed, so great value in optimizing location, layout & height Many characteristics to consider  Shear (speed increase with height)  Diurnal & seasonal patterns  Long-term interannual variability Planning, financing & operating issues  A large investment with a 25-year timeline  Variability on many time scales  Implications for utility operations

7. Integrated Wind Understanding Taking advantage of all available data: 1. Meteorological tower data and other on-site weather measurements 2. Use best available “gridded” archives of real weather data from government agencies – Actual recorded weather data from many sources – Typically used to initialize weather forecast models 3. Add the best available high-resolution topography and land cover information 4. Properly apply meteorological models and wind field models - integrating data over space and time 5. Analyze long-term variation and the financial impact on your specific situation 6. Use wind forecasting to minimize cost and operating impacts & maximize revenues

8. Solar Radiation Moisture Fluxes Turbulence Evaporation Convection Condensation Surface Heat The atmosphere is so complex… So how does this work? Atmospheric Complexity

9. Gridded 3D Weather Data Over 160 weather variables collected from: Surface / METAR station data Oceanographic buoys Ship reports Aircraft (over 14,000 ACARS/day) NOAA 405 MHz profilers Boundary-layer (915 MHz) profilers Rawinsondes (balloon soundings) Reconnaissance dropwinsonde RASS virtual temperatures SSM/I precipitable water GPS total precipitable water GOES precipitable water GOES cloud-top pressure GOES high-density vis. cloud drift wind GOES IR cloud drift winds GOES cloud drift winds VAD winds: WSR-88D NEXRAD radars Integrates all available data sources, from the surface to the upper atmosphere, into a unified and physically consistent state of all grid cells at a given point in time.

10. Meteorological Models Numerical gridded representation of the laws of physics  Conservation relations Mass Energy Momentum Water, etc.  Physical processes Radiation Turbulence Soil/ocean interactions, etc.  Use lots of fast computers Partial differential equations Gridpoint difference values Step all points through time using very small steps (a few seconds per step)

11. Wind vectors at 90 m and precipitation rate on outer grid at 6 hr/sec March 2003 Month of March 2003 Note the Historic Front Range snow storm (March 17-19, 2003) Modeling from Weather Data Archives

12. Results over Large Areas

13. Example showing wind speed in color, wind direction as streamlines. Data Sources: WindLogics Archive Local Test Towers Hi-Res. Terrain / Land CoverProcess: Detailed Windfield ModelingResult: 30 meter grid 50 meter hub height 30m Grid (5x6 km) Understanding Project Sites in Detail

14. Production estimate in GWh per year at multiple heights 80m Height 30m Grid (5x6 km) 50m Height 30m Grid (5x6 km) Gross Annual Production

15. Variability over Years (Annual Energy - 1972–2002)

16. Long-Term Wind Speed Variations A fairly low variability site, Annual Std. Dev. ~ 3.5% – yet the choice of 8-year period can affect energy projection by ~20%

17. Site Assessment Results Understanding the resource, variability & risk

18. Conclusions Benefits of Modeling?  Allows us to determine wind regime (and its drivers) over project area  Can be completed faster than traditional measurement (4-6 weeks)  Best if modeling is integrated with met tower or other on-site data  Provides a method for moving more efficiently through development cycle Important Risk Analysis Components?  Wind resource analysis should incorporate long-term data for meaningful correlation and prediction  Potential climate cycles and trends should be identified  Long-term data needed for more accurate P-values (sensitivity) Key Concepts?  Need understanding of long-term wind variability profile to best anticipate wind farm production  Best to use integrated approach (models, met towers, archived data, multiple correlation techniques) for most error-proof expected wind production baseline

19. Time series showing forecast with wind speed and cloud cover Grant Brohm, Sales 651.556.4279 grantb@WindLogics.com www.WindLogics.com WindLogics Inc.