1. Concurrent vs. iterative servers
process one request at a time
Easy to build
Unnecessary delay
Concurrent server handles multiple requests at one time.
More difficult to design and build
Better performance

2. Fork and exec functions
#incllude<unistd.h>
int fork();
Return 0 in child, process ID of child in parent –1 on error
There are two typical uses of fork
A process makes a copy of itself so that one copy handle one operation while the other copy does another task.
A process wants to execute another program. Since the only way to create a new process is by calling fork, the process first calls fork to make a copy of itself, and then one of the copies(child) calls exec to replace itself with the new program

3. exec #include<unistd.h>
int execl(const char *pathname, const char *arg0,…);
int execv(const char *pathname, char *const argv[]);
int execle(const char *pathname, const char *arg0,…, );
int execve(const char *pathname, char *constargv[], char *constenvp[]);
int execlp(const char *filename, const char *arg0,…);
int execvp(const char *filename, char *const argv[]);
All sizr return –1 on error, no return on sucess

4. Outline for typical concurrent server
int pid,s, conn;
S = Socket( .. );
// fill in server address
Bind(s, ..);
Listen(s, LISTNQ);
while(1){
conn = Accept(s, ..);
if( (pid = fork()) ==0)
{ close (s);
doit( conn);
close(conn);
exit(0);
} // end of if
}// end of while loop

5. Concurrent, connection-oriented
Connection-oriented servers implement concurrency among connections rather than among individual requests.
Connection between client-server handle more than a single request: The protocol allow a client to repeatedly send requests and receive responses without terminating the connection or creating a new one.

6. Algorithm-parent,madter
Create a socket and bind to the well-known address for the service being offered. Leave the socket unconnected
Place the socket in passive mode, making it ready for use by a server.
Repeatedly call accept to receive the next request from a client, and create a new process to handle the response

7. Algorithm-child,slave
Begin with a connection passed from the master(I.e. a socket for the connection)
Interact with the client using the connection: read request(s) and send back response(s)
Close the connection and exit. The slave exits after handling all requests from one client

8. Apparent concurrency using a single thread
Create a socket and bind to the well-known port for the service.add socket to the list of those on which I/O is possible.
Use select to wait for I/O on existing sockets
If original socket is ready, use accept to obtain the next connection, and add the new socket to the list of those on which I/O is possible.
If some socket other than the original is ready, use recv and read to obtain the next request, forma response, and use send or write to send the response back to the client
Continue processing with step 2.