1. ISOTONIC SOLUTIONS

2. Isotonic Solutions Isotonic - having the same osmotic pressure as body fluids Hypotonic - osmotic pressure is lower than in the body fluids Hypertonic - osmotic pressure is higher than in the body fluids

3. Preparation of Isotonic Solutions Freezing point of blood is ca. - 0.52 o C One gram molecular weight (M) of nonelectrolyte decreases freezing point by ca. 1.86 o C What amount of boric acid is needed to prepare isotonic solution?

4. Electrolytes and Tonicity As a result of ionization 1 mole of electrolyte produce i moles of ions (i > 1). NaCl i = 1.8 (i  0.2 + number of ions x 0.8) What amount of sodium chloride is needed to prepare isotonic solution?

5. Sodium Chloride Equivalents How much NaCl is presented by 1g of any solute? x j sodium chloride equivalents

6. Solution Compounding How many grams of NaCl should be used in compounding the following prescription? Pilocarpine Nitrate0.3 g NaClq.s. Purified water ad 30.0 mL

7. More Solution Compounding How many grams of KNO 3 is needed to make the following prescription isotonic? Solution of silver nitrate 60.0 ml 1:500 w/v (concentration) Make. isoton. Sol. (Contains 0.120 g AgNO 3 )

8. Freezing Point Data and Tonicity How many milligrams of NaCl and dibucaine hydrochloride is needed to prepare 30 mL of a 1 % solution of dibucaine chloride isotonic with tears?

9. Milliequivalents How many mEg in 1 g of MgSO 4 ?

10. Osmolarity What is osmolarity of isotonic NaCl solution?