1. CYCLIC LOAD CAPACITY AND ENDURANCE LIMIT OF MULTI-RING MASONRY ARCHES Clive Melbourne, Adrienn Tomor Jinyan Wang School of Computing, Science and Engineering, University of Salford

2. Background and context 40% of all European bridges is masonry 60% of masonry bridges are over 100 years old

3. Due to the increasing traffic loading the life expectancy, capacity and fatigue performance of arch bridges needs to be better understood. Most experimental work so far has been carried out under static loading. Ring separation failure under cyclic loading is one of the main sources of concerns as it can significantly reduce the capacity of multi-ring brickwork arches. Background and context

4. Test series 3m span arches 5m span arches

5. A series of 3m span arches (2 rings)

6. and a series of 5m span arches (3 rings) under static and cyclic loading.

7. Loading Dead load Cyclic loading Static loading Live load

8. TEST RESULTS Static loading

9. STATIC LOADING 3M SPAN Four – hinge mechanism

10. STATIC LOADING 5M SPAN Ring separation

11. TEST RESULTS Cyclic loading

12. CYCLIC LOADING 3M SPAN Ring separation

13. CYCLIC LOADING 3M SPAN Collapse: Hinging

14. CYCLIC LOADING 5M SPAN Ring separation

15. CYCLIC LOADING 5M SPAN Collapse

16. 100 75 50 25 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 Load (% of static load) Number of cycles Endurance limit (3m arch) Endurance limit (5m arch) 57% 37% Small increase in the load level can cause rapid failure. Failure occurred within a relatively few number of cycles (400,000) once endurance limit was reached. Endurance limit was reached around 37-57% of the static load capacity of fully bonded arches. Typical failure mode was ring separation.

17. 100 75 50 25 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 Load (% of static load) Number of cycles Endurance limit (3m arch) Endurance limit (5m arch) Mortar bond (%) 57% 37%

18. 100 75 50 25 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 Load (% of static load) Number of cycles Endurance limit (3m arch) Endurance limit (5m arch) Mortar bond (%) 50 25 50% 0% Endurance limit

19. Interactive S-N curve Interactive S-N CURVE Ring separation Four-hinge mechanism Number of cycles (Log) Stress (Log) 3m test data Slope (m) H Number of cycles (Log) Load (Log) 3M TEST DATA An Interactive S-N (ISN) curve can be developed for each mode of failure for every arch. Endurance limit (E) can be expressed for each mode of failure from the Interactive S- N curve as a function of the load range (R), slope (m) and intersection (H): E = 10 H R –m As a practical tool an Interactive S-N (ISN) curve can be developed for each mode of failure for every arch.

20. Shear testing Shear capacity of the mortar-brick bond was also investigated Small-scale: Triplet tests Large-scale: Arch sections

21. Triplet tests Mortar bond in arches is rarely perfect (100%). Shear capacity with various extent of mortar bond was tested under static and cyclic loading.

22. Trendline for static tests Shear testing summary Exponential relationship between shear strength and the extent of mortar bond was indicated under static loading. Significant reduction in the static shear capacity was observed for <90% bonded surface area. Large-scale arch sections show significantly greater shear capacity compared to triplets. Cyclic shear capacity seems to be significantly smaller than the static load capacity. Shear testing summary

23. Conclusions Cyclic load capacity of arches is significantly lower (by up to 60%) than static load capacity. Under cyclic loading multi-ring arches failed by ring separation at significantly lower loads than that associated with a four-hinge mechanism. A model for an Interactive S-N curve for the various modes of failures was proposed for assessment of residual life and fatigue performance. Shear capacity of the mortar bond showed strong relationship to the extent of mortar bond.