1. The Cognitive and Computational Self: From Cognitive Psychology to AI

2. Information Processing Model Adpated from Wickens (1984 and 1992)

3. Norbert Wiener (1894-1964) Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (1948)

4. CYBERNETICS From Greek root meaning Steersman System with goal-directed action (e.g. missile getting to a target), a movement controlled by negative feedback (correct the flight path of missile). Model that holds for both animal and machine; the mechanical and organic.

5. JANUARY 1950 Harvard’s Mark III Electromechanical Computer

6. Hixon Symposium on the Cerebral Mechanisms of Behavior (1948)

7. Hixon Symposium Presentations

8. Rat Mazes

9. … we assert that the central office itself is far more like a map control room than it is like an old-fashioned telephone exchange. The stimuli, which are allowed in, are not connected by just simple one-to-one switches to the outgoing responses. Rather, the incoming impulses are usually worked over and elaborated in the central control room into a tentative, cognitive-like map of the environment. Tolman “Cognitive Maps in Rats & Men” 1948

11. 1956 Symposium on Information Theory, MIT Miller’s “Magical Number 7” Chunking phenomenon of short-term memory (7 units +/- 2) Chomsky’s generative grammar: language as series of transformations Newell & Simon—General Problem Solver: Logic Theory Machine to prove theorems (early contribution to Artificial Intelligence) Jerome Bruner—concept formation

12. Noam Chomsky (1928- Syntactic Structures (1957) Review of Skinner’s 1957 Verbal Behavior (1959)

13. “I now believe that mind is something more than a four letter, Anglo-Saxon word—human minds exist, and it is our job as psychologists to study them.” George Miller (1962)

14. TOTE unit Miller, Galanter, Pribram (1960) FEEDBACK LOOPS

15. Center for Cognitive Studies Harvard (founded 1960) Jerome Bruner The Study of Thinking (1956) George A. Miller

16. “The Center for Cognitive Studies is concerned with how information is stored, processed, and communicated—both by human beings and by the devices human beings invent in order to cope with information.” (Bruner and Miller, 1960)

17. GREGORY BATESON (1904-1980) DOUBLE BIND HYPOTHESIS Schizophrenia as a product of disordered communication in family

18. Jerry Fodor (1935- (1983)

19. Parallel Distributed Processing Connectionism David Rumelhart and James McClelland

20. Parallel Distributed Processing (1986)

21. Rumelhart and McClleland, Network for Recognition of letters and Words

22. Stanley Kubrick’s 1968 film “2001”

23. Philip K. Dick Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (1968)

24. BLADE RUNNER (1982)

26. Hiroshi Ishiguro builds his android twin: Geminoid HI-1

27. by Robert Sternberg,Third Edition (2003)