1. 15 15 11 History of the English Language http://www.hi.is/~peturk/KENNSLA/11/index.html

2. synchronic diachronic Saussure Cours I.iii.1

4. tounge toung toungue tongue

5. tounge toung toungue tongue

6. rhyming with ‘rung’ or rhyming with ‘song' ? tongue

7. tungalunga tunge lunge tonguelung

8. tongue tungalunga tunge lunge tunglung

9. Historical spellings given by the Oxford English Dictionary: tunge tonge tounge towng tung twng toung tong tounghe toong toongue toungue tongue

10. OED: The natural mod.Eng. repr. of OE. tunge would be tung, as in lung, rung, sung (and as the word is actually pronounced); but the ME. device of writing on for un brought in the alternative tonge with variants tonge, tounge....

11. Languages change The state of the language is decaying Things are getting worse Doomsday approaches Global warming The coming of Antichrist

12. Language change: progress or decay? Briht-helmes-tun > Brighthelmstone > Brighton hláf-weard > hláford > laverd > lord hláf-díge > lafdig > lady ne wiht > naught > not I'm going to ask her > I'm gonna ask her ne wait ek hwar > nakkvar > nokkur af hverju > akkuru

13. Language change: progress or decay? “The history of the Aryan languages (= the group of languages including Germanic) is nothing but a gradual process of decay“ Max Müller, early 20th cent (Aitchison 1991:6)

14. Language change: progress or decay? "In the evolution of languages the discard of the old flexions goes hand in hand with the development of simpler and more regular expedients that are rather less liable than the old ones to produce misunderstanding" Otto Jespersen 1922 (Aitchison 7)

15. Language change: progress or decay? "Progress in the absolute sense is impossible, just as it is in morality or politics. It is simply that different states exist, succeeding each other, each dominated by certain general laws imposed by the equilibrium of the forces with which they are confronted. So it is with language“ Joseph Vendryès (Aitchison 7)

16. Fæder úre þú þe eart on heofenum sy þín nama gehalgod tóbecume þín ríce gewyrðe þín wille on eorðan, swá swá on heofenum. Úrne gedæghwamlican hláf ús sele tó dæg ond ne geld þú ús on costnunge ác álýs ús of yfele. Sóðlíce