1. Geospatial Data Needs Workshop, 19 th January 2010, London Review of Geospatial Resource Needs Anne E. Green and David Owen Institute for Employment Research University of Warwick

2. Structure of presentation Purpose of the review Methodology Context Findings Recommendations

3. Motivation for the review The review was commissioned by the ESRC’s Strategic Advisor for Data Resources in order to: “Assist the ESRC Research Resources Board (RRB) by addressing the question of how the social science research community can take advantage of the emerging plethora of spatial data sources in the UK and internationally in order to improve the quality of research and more effectively address the key research questions”

4. Aims To identify spatial data needs underlying current and likely future research questions for social scientists (and research partners in other disciplines); To conduct a selective review of current facilities, infrastructure and capacity in place to support researchers who are using, or hoping to use, spatial data; To identify the challenges faced by researchers in obtaining access to and using spatial data; and To report findings and make recommendations to the RRB

5. Methodology (1) Brief review of recent literature produced by: academic specialists in GIS, geosciences and the GIS industry aimed at identifying new developments and the issues involved in accessing and making use of the data; A short Web survey (with over 500 respondents) to derive information on:  awareness and use of geospatial resources by researchers  challenges face by researchers in obtaining access to and using spatial data  their opinions about possible new areas for development via ESRC investment

6. Methodology (2) Consultations with leading academic research centres working to develop new methods of spatial analysis Consultation (mainly via telephone interviews) with key data providers providing support for research (such as EDINA, ESDS and CCSR) and experts in using spatial data and developing training methods for users -  to derive information on current resources/facilities for access to spatial data, the skills users need to access and manipulate spatial data and current and emerging gaps in expertise Review and assessment  formulation of recommendations

7. New Developments in the GIS industry (1) Rapid developments in computing in recent years  enhancements in the ability to handle large amounts of geospatial data The private sector is playing an increasing role in the capture of geospatial data and in developing products and services based on such data

8. New Developments in the GIS industry (2) There is widespread acceptance that the effective use of geospatial data requires the establishment of a geospatial data framework, which :  catalogues the data sets available  provides a means of accessing data  e.g. the EU Inspire Directive and UK Location Strategy  Academics may progressively have to adopt the standards applying to the public sector, and will have to update software, data management practices and training

9. Access to and use of Geospatial data and resources (1) There has been a growth in the availability of geospatial data  credit/debit/store card transactions  satellite imagery  GPS tracking data  geo tagging of photographic/video data  spatially-referenced administrative data but at the same time there has been a rapid growth in demand for such data This has been fuelled by the increased capabilities for geographical data display provided by “Web 2.0” applications

10. Access to and use of Geospatial data and resources (2) The rise of neogeography and volunteered geographical information has extended the use of geospatial data to new users, some of whom had no previous interest in or expertise in handling and interpreting geographical data  There is a need for comprehensive and high quality metadata in order to enable users to identify, and make appropriate use of, different data sources

11. Use and awareness of Geospatial data (1) Interest in, and use of, geospatial data is spread across a range of social science disciplines – notable increase from those outside geography Some suppliers of geospatial data believe that detailed knowledge of some key spatially-referenced socio- economic data sources is diminishing over time  There is a need for ongoing reinvestment in knowledge and skills if appropriate use of geospatial data is to be maximised

12. Use and awareness of Geospatial data (2) There is a broad distinction, and arguably an increasing divide, between:  researchers with considerable expertise in knowledge and analytical techniques for using geospatial data  those with a much more limited knowledge and expertise in using geospatial data and applications  There is a clear need for a range of geo-spatial data services:  particularly for advice and guidance on the use of geospatial data and linking with geospatial data among non-expert users  expert users especially interested in access to more detailed georeferenced data

13. Geospatial service which respondents would find most useful

14. Frequency with which geospatial services would be used

15. Confidentiality and licensing Users face constraints in accessing and making full use of geospatial data due to licensing issues, confidentiality concerns and statistical disclosure control requirements More experienced users are particularly frustrated by lack of detailed spatial codes being made available for use in data analyses Some researchers are likely to find such obstacles off- putting, and particularly if they lack guidance in dealing with them. There are fewer constraints in dealing with data from ‘non-traditional’ sources

16. Data quality The quality of geospatial data varies in accordance with the source, data collection standards and the form in which it is made available to researchers There are many examples of users ‘making do’ with data of dubious quality without necessarily realising the impact of this on their analyses and interpretation of results  It is important that users are encouraged to have a greater awareness of data quality issues

17. Skills (1) Technical and substantive skills are needed for effective use of geospatial data Long and diverse list of potential skills:  awareness of geospatial data (and limits) and sources  understanding co-ordinate systems and data capture  understanding the properties of spatial data – implications for interpretation  survey design and analysis  computer programming and Web programming  proficiency with GIS  statistical analysis  etc

18. Skills (2) Training courses tended to be directed towards specific ‘communities of interest’  It is difficult to identify routes/mechanisms through which ‘generalists’ would acquire necessary skills The main aim of skills training must be to promote the effective and appropriate use of geospatial data to address substantive research questions A variety of skills and knowledge transfer mechanisms need to be considered, varying from short courses to the provision of some form of centralised or networked service provision Demonstration projects may be a valuable means of illustrating the potential for use of geospatial data

19. Recommendations (1) The full potential of geospatial data is not being realised by economic and social scientists at the present time It is our view that, alongside the provision of more training in the use of geospatial resources for research purposes, the ESRC should take the lead in seeking to establish, in collaboration with other funding bodies, a Geospatial Resources Advisory Service

20. Recommendations (2) By having a single centralised location and a virtual presence via the web, the service could efficiently provide:  access to more detailed geo-referenced data and metadata  advice and guidance on using geographical information  geo-spatial data linking services  tools to access actual or simulated data on individuals (e.g. daily activity data which might originally be derived from credit card or mobile phone data) without the need for advanced programming skills  assistance/tools to help researchers create ‘mash-ups’ and location-based services as a way of presenting their findings, or visualising research data  assistance with making use of more advanced mapping and visualisation facilities; e.g. 3-d visualisation, ‘virtual worlds’, simulations