1. Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved INTERMOLECULAR FORCES Chap. 13 Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to: Permissions Department, Harcourt Brace & Company, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777

2. Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved Inter- molecular Forces Have studied INTRA molecular forces—the forces holding atoms together to form molecules. Now turn to forces between molecules — INTER molecular forces. Forces between molecules, between ions, or between molecules and ions. Table 13.1: summary of forces and their relative strengths.

3. Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved Intermolecular Forces Ion-Ion Forces Na + — Cl - in salt. These are the strongest forces. Lead to solids with high melting temperatures. NaCl, mp = 800 o C MgO, mp = 2800 o C

4. Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved Attraction Between Ions and Permanent Dipoles Water is highly polar and can interact with positive ions to give hydrated ions in water.

5. Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved Attraction Between Ions and Permanent Dipoles Water is highly polar and can interact with positive ions to give hydrated ions in water.

6. Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved Attraction Between Ions and Permanent Dipoles Many metal ions are hydrated. It is the reason metal salts dissolve in water. Co(H 2 O) 6 2+

7. Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved Attraction Between Ions and Permanent Dipoles Attraction between ions and dipole depends on ion charge and ion-dipole distance. Measured by H for M n+ + H 2 O --> [M(H 2 O) x ] n+ Measured by  H for M n+ + H 2 O --> [M(H 2 O) x ] n+

8. Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved Attraction Between Ions and Permanent Dipoles Attraction between ions and dipole depends on ion charge and ion-dipole distance. Measured by H for M n+ + H 2 O --> [M(H 2 O) x ] n+ Measured by  H for M n+ + H 2 O --> [M(H 2 O) x ] n+ -1922 kJ/mol -405 kJ/mol -263 kJ/mol See Example 13.1, page 588.

9. Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved Dipole-Dipole Forces Such forces bind molecules having permanent dipoles to one another.

10. Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved Dipole-Dipole Forces Such forces bind molecules having permanent dipoles to one another.

11. Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved Dipole-Dipole Forces Influence of dipole-dipole forces is seen in the boiling points of simple molecules. CompdMol. Wt.Boil Point N 2 28-196 o C CO28-192 o C Br 2 16059 o C ICl16297 o C

12. Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved Hydrogen Bonding A special form of dipole-dipole attraction, which enhances dipole-dipole attractions. Hydrogen bonding in HF

13. Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved Hydrogen Bonding A special form of dipole-dipole attraction, which enhances dipole-dipole attractions. H-bonding is strongest when X and Y are N, O, or F

14. Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved FORCES INVOLVING INDUCED DIPOLES How can non-polar molecules such as Br 2, I 2, and N 2 condense to form liquids and solids?How can non-polar molecules such as Br 2, I 2, and N 2 condense to form liquids and solids? Consider I 2 dissolving in alcohol, CH 3 CH 2 OH.Consider I 2 dissolving in alcohol, CH 3 CH 2 OH. The alcohol temporarily creates or INDUCES a dipole in I 2.

15. Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved FORCES INVOLVING INDUCED DIPOLES How can non-polar molecules such as Br 2, I 2, and N 2 condense to form liquids and solids?How can non-polar molecules such as Br 2, I 2, and N 2 condense to form liquids and solids? Consider I 2 dissolving in alcohol, CH 3 CH 2 OH.Consider I 2 dissolving in alcohol, CH 3 CH 2 OH.

16. Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved FORCES INVOLVING INDUCED DIPOLES Water induces a dipole in nonpolar O 2 molecules, and so O 2 can dissolve in water.

17. Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved FORCES INVOLVING INDUCED DIPOLES Formation of a dipole in two nonpolar I 2 molecules.

18. Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved FORCES INVOLVING INDUCED DIPOLES The induced forces between I 2 molecules are very weak, so solid I 2 sublimes (goes from a solid to gaseous molecules).

19. Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved FORCES INVOLVING INDUCED DIPOLES The size of the dipole depends on the tendency to be distorted. Higher molec. weight ---> larger induced dipoles. MoleculeBoiling Point ( o C) MoleculeBoiling Point ( o C) CH 4 (methane) - 161.5 CH 4 (methane) - 161.5 C 2 H 6 (ethane)- 88.6 C 2 H 6 (ethane)- 88.6 C 3 H 8 (propane) - 42.1 C 3 H 8 (propane) - 42.1 C 4 H 10 (butane) - 0.5 C 4 H 10 (butane) - 0.5