1. Integrating New Technology Phases of analysis and design
Major Topics
Information systems
Integrating New Technology
Phases of analysis and design
System maintenance
CASE tools

2. Costs are associated with information processing
Information is an organizational resource which must be managed as carefully as other resources
Costs are associated with information processing
Information processing must be managed to take full advantage of its potential

3. Eight categories of Information systems:
Transaction processing systems (TPS)
Office automation systems (OAS)
Knowledge work systems (KWS)
Management information systems (MIS)
Decision support systems (DSS)
Expert systems (ES)
Group decision support systems (GDSS)
Executive support systems (EES)

4. Level of Categories Figure 1.1 :The computer analyst may be involved
with any of or all these
systems

5. Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
TPS are computerized information systems developed to process large amount of data for routine business transactions
TPS reduces the time once required to perform the task manually
TPS permits the organization to interact with external environment
Example: Inventory or Payroll system

6. Office Automation Systems (OAS) and Knowledge Work Systems (KWS)
Includes analysis of information so as to transform data or manipulate it in some way before sharing or formally disseminating it
Example: Word processing, spreadsheets, desktop publishing, electronic scheduling, communication through voice , and voice conference etc.
Knowledge Work Systems (KWS):
Supports professionals (scientists, engineers, doctors) by aiding them to create new knowledge
Example: Scientific analysis

7. Management Information Systems (MIS)
MIS supports broader spectrum of organizational tasks than TPS, including decision analysis and decision making
MIS users share a common database to access information
MIS outputs information that is used in decision making
Example: Account management system of Internet users

8. Decision Support systems (DSS)
DSS is similar to the traditional MIS because they both depend on a database as a source of data
Again, DSS departs from MIS in that DSS emphasizes the support of decision making in all its phases
Example: Production increase decision by trend analysis

9. Example: News Categorization software
Expert Systems
Expert system is a very special class of information system which is capable of generating solutions to problems with the aid of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
An expert system (also called a knowledge based system) uses the knowledge of an expert for solving a particular problem
Example: News Categorization software

10. Group Decision Support Systems
Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS) and Computer Supported Collaborative Work Systems (CSCWS)
Group Decision Support Systems
GDSS are intended to bring a group together to solve a problem with the help of various support such as polling, questionnaires, brainstorming etc.
Computer Supported Collaborative Work Systems
CDCWS is a more general term of GDSS
CSCWS may include software support called “groupware” for team collaboration via network computers
Example: video conferencing and web survey system

11. Executive Support Systems (ESS)
It helps executives to make decisions on strategic level
It may provide graphical representation and communication support at board meeting required to make strategic decision
Example: New product launching decision

12. Integrating New Technologies
New technologies are being integrated into traditional systems
E-commerce uses the Web to perform business activities
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) has the goal of integrating many different information systems within the corporation
Wireless and handheld devices, including mobile commerce (m-commerce)
Open source software

13. Integrating New Technologies
Figure 1.2: Integrating
Technologies

14. E-Commerce Application and Web Systems
Many businesses has found The Internet as
their most favored way to pursue business
growth because of the following advantages:
Increase awareness of the availability of the service, product, industry, person, or group
24-hour access for users
Standardizing the design of interface
Creating a global system rather than remain local

15. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems
Many organizations predicts potential benefits from the integration of many information systems existing on different management levels.
ERP systems are designed to perform this integration
Example: SAP, PeopleSoft and packages from Oracle

16. Systems for Wireless and Handheld Devices
System analyst may be asked to design standard or wireless communication network that integrate voice, video and into organizational intranet
System analyst may also be asked to develop intelligent agents to assist the user of PDA or cell phone
Wireless communication is referred as m-commerce (mobile commerce)

17. It makes money by providing services, customized program and support.
Open Source Software
An alternative of traditional software development (where proprietary code is hidden from the users) is called open source software
Open source software is free to distribute, share and modify its source code
It makes money by providing services, customized program and support.
Open source software are widely used in handheld and mobile devices.
Example: Linux Operating System
Apache Web Server

18. Nature of Analysis and Design
A systematic approach to:
identify problems, opportunities, and objectives;
analyze the information flows in organizations; and
design computerized information systems to solve a problem.

19. Systems analysts act as:
Outside consultants to businesses
Supporting experts within a business
Change agents
Analysts are problem solvers, and require communication skills
Analysts must be ethical with users and customers

20. Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC):
SDLC is a systematic approach for solving business problems.
It is divided into seven phases.
Although each phase is presented discretely, it is never accomplished as a separate step. Instead separate activity can occur simultaneously

21. Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC):
Figure 1.3: Phases of SDLC

22. Phase 1: Identifying Problems, Opportunities and Objectives
Personnel involved:
Analyst
User management
System management
Activities:
Interviewing user management
Summarizing the knowledge obtained
Estimating the scope of the project
Documenting the results
Output: Feasibility report containing problem definition and
objectives
Decision: Management then make decision whether to proceed with
the proposal or not

23. Phase 2: Determining Information Requirement
Personnel Involved:
Information Analyst (IA)
User: operation managers and operation workers
Systems management
Activity:
Interview management, operations personnel
Gather systems/operating documents
Use questionnaires
Observe the system and personnel involved
Learn the who, what, where, when, and how, and the why for each of these
Output: Analyst understands how the business functions and gets enough information about the people, goals,
data and procedure involved

24. Phase 3: Analyzing System Needs
Personnel Involved:
Analyst (IA)
User management
Systems management
Activity:
Create data flow diagrams
Document procedural logic for data flow diagram processes
Complete the data dictionary
Make semi-structured decisions (condition alternatives)
Prepare and present the system proposal
Recommend the optimal solution to management

25. Phase 4: Designing the Recommended System
Personnel involved
Analyst
System designer
User: operation managers and operation workers
System management
Activity:
Design the user interface
Design output
Design input
Design system controls
Design files and/or database
Produce program specifications
Produce decision trees or tables
Backup procedure

26. Phase 5: Developing and Documenting Software
Personnel involved
Analyst
System designer
Programmers
Systems management
Activity:
System analyst designs computer programs using structure charts, and pseudo code etc.
Programmers write computer programs
Document software with help files, procedure manuals, and Web sites with Frequently Asked Questions

27. Phase 6: Testing and Maintaining the System
Personnel involved
Analyst
System designer
Programmers
Systems management
Activity:
Test and debug computer programs
Test the computer system
Enhance system
Maintenance of the system begins from this phase

28. Phase 7: Implementing and Evaluating the System
Personnel involved:
Analyst
System designer
Programmers
User: operation managers and operation workers
Systems management
Activity:
Train users
Analyst plans smooth conversion from old system to new system
Purchase and install new equipment
Install system
Review and evaluate system

29. Maintenance is performed for 2 reasons:
System maintenance
Removing undetected errors, and
Enhancing existing software
Systems are enhanced for the following reasons:
Adding additional features to the system
Business and governmental requirements change over time
Technology, hardware, and software are rapidly changing

30. Figure 1.4: Time spent on system maintenance
Impact of Maintenance
Figure 1.4: Time spent on system maintenance

31. Figure 1.5: Resource consumption over the system life
Impact of Maintenance
Figure 1.5: Resource consumption over the
system life

32. Four reasons for using CASE tools are:
CASE tools are automated, microcomputer-based software packages for systems analysis and design
Four reasons for using CASE tools are:
To increase analyst productivity
Facilitate communication among analysts and users
Providing continuity and integrity among life cycle phases
To assess the maintenance changes

33. CASE tools may be divided into several categories
CASE Tool Categories
CASE tools may be divided into several categories
Upper CASE (also called front-end CASE) tools, used to perform analysis and design
Lower CASE (also called back-end CASE). These tools generate computer language source code from CASE design.
Integrated CASE, performing both upper and lower CASE functions.

34. Upper CASE tools Create and modify the system design
Store data in a project repository
The repository is a collection of records, elements, diagrams, screens, reports, and other project information
These CASE tools model organizational requirements and define system boundaries

35. Figure 1.6: The repository concept
Upper Case
Figure 1.6: The repository concept

36. Lower CASE tools generate computer source code from the CASE design
Source code may usually be generated in several languages
Advantages of generation code:
decrease development time
More programming language support
Free from program coding error

37. Traditional VS Case system development life cycle
Figure 1.7: Traditional VS Case SDLC

38. Reverse Engineering
Reverse engineering is generating the CASE design from computer program code
Source code is examined, analyzed, and converted into repository entities

39. Advantages of Reverse Engineering
Reduced system maintenance time, freeing up time for new development
Program documentation is produced for loosely documented programs
Structured programs may be generated from unstructured, older programs
Future system maintenance is easier to implement
Unused portions of programs may be eliminated

40. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design
Object-oriented (O-O) analysis and design is used to build object-oriented programs
This includes not only data but the instructions about operations that manipulate the data

41. Alternative Methodologies
Alternatives to SDLC:
Prototyping
ETHICS
Soft System Methodology
Multiview
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