Classification.

Classification

Are they related?

Taxonomy The science of classifying organisms. Tells us about the degree of relation between different organisms

Taxonomy Developed by Swedish biologist Carolus Linnaeus (1707 — 1778). Binomial naming system

What are some of the ways we can classify animals?

Biological Kingdoms 2 Kingdoms Traditional view plants animals

Systematics- studies diversity of life
Study and classification of organisms with the goal of reconstructing their evolutionary history

Plantae Fungi Animalia
Biological Kingdoms 5 Kingdoms Whittaker, 1969 Plantae Fungi Animalia Protista Monera

Biological Kingdoms Five kingdom system: Six kingdom system:
Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Six kingdom system: Eu- bacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Archae-bacteria Three domain system: Eu- bacteria Archae-bacteria E U K A R Y A Eight kingdom system: Eu- bacteria Archezoa Fungi Plantae Animalia Archae-bacteria Chromista Protista

Six kingdom system: Monera Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia Eu-
bacteria Archae-bacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

Classification: Six kingdom system
Eubacteria Archaebacteria E. coli Cyanobacteria Protista Paramecium Diatom Slime mold Plantae Fungi Animalia

Primary Grouping Criterion
Cellular complexity Plantae Fungi Animalia Protista Monera (Eubacteria & Archaebacteria) Eukaryotic Prokaryotic

Plantae Fungi Animalia
Other Grouping Criteria Single-celled vs. multicellular Mode of nutrition absorption photosynthesis ingestion Plantae Fungi Animalia Protista Monera Note: Criteria can overlap

Other Grouping Criteria
Mode of Reproduction sexual asexual Respiratory System gas exchange across skin lungs gills

Other Grouping Criteria
Skeleton internal/external bone/cartilage/chitin… Circulatory System none open/closed

Phylogentic Relationships of Animals
Platyhelminthes Porifera Mollusca Chordata Arthropoda Annelida Cnideria Nematoda Echinodermata pseudocoelom segmentation acoelom Protostome: schizocoelem Deuterostomes: eucoelom radial symmetry bilateral symmetry no true tissues true tissue Ancestral Protist

Kingdom Phylum Class Keep Animalia Plates Chordata Clean
Order Family Genus Species Keep Plates Clean Or Family Gets Sick Animalia Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Pomocentridae Amphirprion ocellaris

Tiger Classification Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia
Order Carnivora Family Felidae Genus Panthera Species tigris

Biological Nomenclature
A species is both defined by its genus name and specific name. Ex. Panthera tigris Panthera- genus name tigris- species name

Lion, Leopard & Tiger Panthera leo Panthera pardus Panthera tigris

Biological Species Organisms that are genetically similar, and have ability to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring

Subspecies Might interbreed if a barrier or other challenge was removed (such as distance). Hawaiian endemic snails (kahuli)

Table 1. Known Hawaiian endemic land snail diversity (*part)
Family Unit Species # subspecies varieties Prosobranchia Hydrocenidae 1 Helicinidae Pulmonata Orthurethra Achatinellidae Tornatellininae Achatinellinae Amastridae Leptachatininae Amastrinae

Offspring is sterile Panthera tigris tigon Panthera leo

donkey horse mule zebroid

Polar bear: Ursus maritimus
Grizzly bear: Ursus arctos Pizzly or Grolar bear

Wholphin- sealife park False killer whale and dolphin
Tursiops truncatus Pseudorca crassidens Kekaimalu, whose name means "from the peaceful ocean," was born 19 years ago after a surprise coupling between a 14-foot, 2,000-pound false killer whale and a 6-foot, 400-pound dolphin. The animals were the leads in the park's popular tourist water show, featured in the Adam Sandler movie "50 First Dates." Kekaimalu has given birth to two other calves. One lived for nine years and the other, born when Kekaimalu was very young, died a few days after birth. Park researchers suspect the wholphin's father is a 15-foot long Atlantic bottlenose dolphin named Mikioi. "He seems to be totally oblivious to this happening," Lenzi said. False killer whales do not closely resemble killer whales. They grow to 20 feet, weigh up to two tons and have a tapering, rounded snout that overhangs their toothed jaw. Atlantic bottlenose dolphins reach a maximum size of 12 feet and can weigh up to 700 pounds. Sea Life Park officials said they hope to decide on a name for the baby wholphin soon and move her to a large display tank in a few months. The name "wholphin" was invented 19 years ago when a 6-foot dolphin and a 14-foot false killer whale mated and produced an offspring. Prior to that mating, it was not thought possible to mate the two species. Her mother, Punahele, was an Atlantic bottlenose dolphin, while her father, I'anui, was a false killer whale. False killer whales are actually members of the dolphin family and unrelated to killer whales. Males can reach 22 feet in length and weigh as much as two tons, while females are smaller, reaching 16 meters in length. In the wild false killer whales often associate with other species of dolphins, particularly bottlenose dolphins. They are found most often in warm temperate and tropical waters around the world Kekaimalu's and Her Calf Kekaimalu ("from the sheltered ocean") was the name given to that offspring who is now the mother of the new baby wholphin. This was the third pregnancy for Kekaimalu. Both prior offspring have died once in infancy, the other at the age of nine. The new, still unnamed, baby is 3/4 dolphin and 1/4 false killer whale. She has tripled in size since birth. The park's training and veterinary staff has spent long hours over the baby wholphin's first four months collecting data and ensuring that mom and calf were receiving the best possible care before publicly announcing its birth and development. Very energetic and animated, the baby wholphin is interacting well with her mother and trainers. Early in-water interaction with the calf is part of Sea Life Park by Dolphin Discovery's training program, to ensure a high level of trust between calf, mother and trainers, as well as early conditioning for voluntary medical behaviors. Characteristics of a Wholphin The baby wholphin displays notable characteristics inherited from her hybrid lineage. The coloration is a perfect blend between the light gray of the bottlenose dolphin and black of the false killer whale. At this time, the calf is still relying fully on her mother's milk. She nurses intermittently throughout the day and night, with all nursing taking place underwater. Typically, nursing will continue up to nine months before the calf begins sampling her mother's food. At 1-2 years of age, the calf will be completely weaned. Comments from Sea Life Park's General Manager "We are extremely excited about the birth of the baby wholphin," said Dr. Renato Lenzi, general manager of Sea Life Park by Dolphin Discovery. "Mother and calf are doing very well, and we are monitoring them very closely to ensure the best care for them. Over the first 100 days of life of this calf, we had invested more than 2,400 hours of trainers and veterinary time to ensure the best care for mom and baby wholphin." "From a scientific viewpoint, it's interesting for us to observe the anatomical and behavioral development of this baby and how much she has inherited from the two different species that she carries in her genes," Dr. Lenzi said. "As the only living product of a wholphin, we are given a special and unique scientific and educational opportunity." Neither baby nor mother are currently on public display and no date has been set for the baby's public debut.

Names Common names Confusing Ambiguous Scientific names
Agreed upon system Portuguese Man-of-War Bluebottle Physalia physalis

Names Language Latin or Latinized Giving names
A highly technical process Name is author’s choice

Commemorate People Gardenia jasminoides (Dr. Alexander Garden)
Camellia japonica (Joseph Kamel) Strelitzia reginae (Queen Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz) Siegesbeckia orientalis (Dr. Siegesbeck)

Descriptive Cardinalis cardinalis (red) Railus aquaticus (watery)
Passer domesticus (house)

Geographic Location Kuhlia sandwicensis (Hawaii)
Periplanata americana (American cockroach) Zosterops japonica (Japanese white-eye)

Pronunciation Divide into syllables Choose where to place emphasis
Monachus schauinslandi Mon/a/chus schau/in/slan/di Hawaiian Monk Seal

Humor in naming Agra vation by Terry Erwin
a tropical beetle that was apparently very difficult to collect. (Agra cadabra, Agra katewinslettae, Agra memnon, Agra sasquatch) Heerz lukenatcha. Name: Agra vation Don’t get it? If you haven't got it by now it's really going to bug you. What is it? Actually it's a very non-aggravating beetle, just one of over 40,000 species found in the family Carabidae. With a bright metallic green back and rufous-coloured head it cuts a very fine figure. The carabid family also includes the bombadier beetle, famous for being able to shoot hot, poisonous chemicals from its backside when annoyed. Where’s it found? In the Peruvian Amazon, not far from the borders with Brazil and Colombia. When was it first named? Who deserves the credit? Terry Erwin, a curator at the Smithsonian Institution. Not only has Doc Erwin discovered and named well over a thousand beetles, he turned conservation biology on its head when his research suggested that there were 30 million species in the world as opposed to the 1 million scientists had previously estimated. Is there a picture? The fine looking fellow to the right is the closely related species Agra eowilsoni, named for the biologist E. O. Wilson. However, we've found no pictures of Agra vation as of yet. Other Agras that Erwin has named include: Agra cadabra, Agra katewinslettae, Agra memnon and Agra sasquatch & Agra yeti, both of which have big feet. Sometimes you have to look a little further into the name as well: Agra dable (think Spanish), Agra lilu (think the Fifth Element), Agra eponine (think Les Miserables) and Agra tuitis (think a free lunch). Another beetle named by Erwin delights under the name Pericompsus bilbo - it's short, fat and has hairy feet. The title image is yet another well-named carabid: Anthia sexguttata. What's Next? Dr Erwin is still naming Agras left, right and centre. Coming soon to a rainforest near you: Agra phobia, Agra beegees, Agra culture and my personal favourite of them all: Agra pefruit. Coming soon in Nutty Nomenclature: Pieza rhea and Heerz lukenatcha. But for the time being here's a couple of bits in a similar vein: Other regulars: Monday: Phunny Phobias Wednesday: Doctor Doctor Thursday: Peculiar Periodicals Friday: End of week timewasters *Agra lilu has a bright red head and is therefore named after Milla Jovovich's character in the Luc Besson film The Fifth Element. (back) *Eponine, is the name of the unfortunate street urchin in Victor Hugo's Les Miserables, who, in the Broadway version of the story, personified tragic beauty. Such is the state of the tropical forests where these beetles live. (back) Title image: School of Ecology and Conservation, University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore Agra eowilsoni: George Venable/Smithsonian

Carcharhinus melanopterus
Black-tip reef shark Triaenodon obesus White-tip reef shark Carcharhinus perezi Caribbean reef shark

Which two are most closely related? Canis lupus familiaris
Canis lupus laniger Tibetan wolf Canis rufus Red wolf Canis lupus familiaris Domestic dog

Loxodonta africana Elephas maximus
family Elephantidae order Proboscidea.

Elephas maximus Loxodonta africana
family Elephantidae order Proboscidea.

Dichotomous Key Uses a simple series of binary questions
Goal is to help identify an organism This key is more visual, but still dichotomous

Carcharadon fitzroyensis Great Hammerhead Sphyrna mokarran
Creek Whaler Carcharadon fitzroyensis Great Hammerhead Sphyrna mokarran Scalloped Hammerhead Sphyrna leweni White Shark Carcharadon carcharias Black Tip Reef Shark Carcharadon melanopterus Grey Reef Shark Carcharadon amblyrhynchos Winghead Eusphyra blochii Shortfin Mako Isurus oxyrinchus

Carcharadon fitzroyensis White Shark Carcharadon carcharias
Creek Whaler Carcharadon fitzroyensis White Shark Carcharadon carcharias Great Hammerhead Sphyrna mokarran Scalloped Hammerhead Sphyrna leweni Black Tip Reef Shark Carcharadon melanopterus Grey Reef Shark Carcharadon amblyrhynchos Shortfin Mako Isurus oxyrinchus Winghead Eusphyra blochii

2. Creek Whaler Carcharadon fitzroyensis White Shark
Carcharadon carcharias Great Hammerhead Sphyrna mokarran Scalloped Hammerhead Sphyrna leweni Black Tip Reef Shark Carcharadon melanopterus Grey Reef Shark Carcharadon amblyrhynchos Shortfin Mako Isurus oxyrinchus Winghead Eusphyra blochii 2.

Carcharadon fitzroyensis White Shark Carcharadon carcharias
Creek Whaler Carcharadon fitzroyensis White Shark Carcharadon carcharias Great Hammerhead Sphyrna mokarran Scalloped Hammerhead Sphyrna leweni Black Tip Reef Shark Carcharadon melanopterus Grey Reef Shark Carcharadon amblyrhynchos Shortfin Mako Isurus oxyrinchus Winghead Eusphyra blochii

Design a dichotomous key
Shark

Scalloped Hammerhead Sphyrna leweni Great Hammerhead Sphyrna mokarran Winghead Eusphyra blochii Shortfin Mako Isurus oxyrinchus

Carcharadon carcharias Creek Whaler Carcharadon fitzroyensis
White Shark Carcharadon carcharias Creek Whaler Carcharadon fitzroyensis Grey Reef Shark Carcharadon amblyrhynchos Black Tip Reef Shark Carcharadon melanopterus

Homology traits inherited from a common ancestor

Analogy (convergent evolution)

Which of the following is most closely related to the tamuanda?
Ant-eaters - The Old World pangolin and aardvark and Australian echidna look a lot like anteaters, and they have a similar diet, yet they aren’t related. Rather, they’re examples of convergent evolution. Believe it or not, true (New World) anteaters are more closely related to short-faced, plant-eating sloths! pangolian aardvark sloth echidna

Cladogram Shows how closely two or more groups are related based on important characteristics. Organisms that are grouped more closely on a cladogram share a more recent common ancestor than those farther apart. Cladograms show common ancestry, but do not indicate the amount of evolutionary "time" separating taxa

Cladogram of Cniderians

Cladogram of Vertebrates

Phylogram In phylograms, branch lengths are proportional to amount of "time" separating taxa

Phylogram

Kingdom Monera Species number low (~17, 000) Changing as we learn more
Two Divisions Eubacteria (Bacteria & Cyanobacteria) Archaebacteria

Kingdom Monera Prokaryotic Single-celled Diverse energy types:
Chemoautotrophic- Purple sulfur bacteria Photoautotrophic- cyanobacteria Heterotrophic- E. coli

Kingdom Monera Some with cell walls, but cell walls composed of peptidoglycan, not cellulose (as in higher plants). Asexual reproduction

Kingdom Monera

Eubacteria pneumonia cyanobacteria anthrax

Archaebacteria Purple sulfur bacteria

Kingdom Protista Eukaryotic
Generally single-celled; if multicellular, cells not organized into tissues Heterotrophic & autotrophic forms ~ 45,000 species

Kingdom Protista 3 informal groups Plant-like (algal) protists
Animal-like protists Fungus-like protists

Plant-like Protists Diatoms Dinoflagellates Green algae Brown Algae
Red algae Diatoms Dinoflagellates

Chlorophyta: Green Algae
Halimeda opuntia Caulerpa sertularioides Codium edule Dictyosphaeria cavernosa Caulerpa racemosa

Phaeophyta: Brown Algae
Turbinaria ornata Padina japonica Hydroclathrus clathratus Sargassum polyphyllum Sargassum echinocarpum

Rhodophyta: Red Algae Ahnfeltia concinna Acanthophora spicifera
Hypnea chordacea Galaxaura fastigiata Asparagopsis taxiformis

Animal-like Protists Amoeba Cilliates Flagellates 13,000 species

Fungus-like Protists Mildew Water molds Blights 475 species
Downey mildew 475 species Slime molds

Kingdom Plantae Eukaryotic Multicellular organisms True tissues.
Photoautotrophic nutrition. Most adapted for a terrestrial existence and possessing vascular tissues.

Kingdom Plantae Cells with chloroplasts and cellulose cell walls.
Includes mosses, ferns, pine trees, cycads, ginkgos, and flowering plants.

Kingdom Plantae Sea grasses
Halophilia hawaiiana- only form of seagrass in Hawaii

Mangroves

Kingdom Fungi Eukaryotic Generally multicellular, organisms (a few species, e.g., yeast are unicellular). Nutrition: Heterotrophic Saprophytic (absorptive)

Kingdom Fungi Most with cell walls (usually composed of chitin) and complex life histories. Includes molds, yeasts, rusts, and mushrooms, marine fungi

Toad stool Shelf fungus Rhizopus Yeast

Kingdom Animalia Eukaryotic Multicellular organisms True tissues.
Heterotrophic nutrition

Kingdom Animalia Most exhibit significant capacity for locomotion.
Cells not surrounded by cell walls. Includes sponges, sea anemones, snails, insects, sea stars, fish, reptiles, birds, and human beings.

Phylogentic Relationships of Animals
Platyhelminthes Porifera Mollusca Chordata Arthropoda Annelida Cnideria Nematoda Echinodermata pseudocoelom segmentation acoelom Protostome: schizocoelem Deuterostomes: eucoelom radial symmetry bilateral symmetry no true tissues true tissue Ancestral Protist

Phylum Porifera Class Hexactinellida Class Calcaria Class Desmospongia
Sclerospongia Boring sponge Purple and yellow tube sponge

Portuguese Man-Of-War
Phylum Cnidaria Class Hydrozoa Class Scyphozoa Class Cubozoa Class Anthozoa Hydra Portuguese Man-Of-War Stinging Limu Fire Coral True jellyfish Box jellies Sea wasps Corals Anemones

Phylum Ctenophora

Pseudoceros dimidiatus
Phylum Platyhelminthes Hawaiian Flatworms Pseudoceros cf. rubroanus Pseudoceros ferrugineus Planocera cf. oligoglena Pseudoceros dimidiatus Pseudobiceros sp. Class Turbellaria

Phylum Mollusca More than 500,000 known species Class Polyplacophora
Gastropoda Class Bivalvia Class Cephalopoda chitons Snails Sea slugs nudibranchs Squid Octopus Cuttlefish Nautilus clams Class Scaphopoda Tusk shells More than 500,000 known species

Phylum Mollusca Well developed circulatory system
Nervous system with brain Some with good eyes

Muscular foot- for movement
Body Plan Three main parts: Muscular foot- for movement Visceral mass- contains most of the internal organs Mantle cavity- houses gills

Generalized Mollusc Anatomy
mantle visceral mass foot

Feeding Types Grazers (radula- scraping tongue) Filter feeding Egg eaters Active predation

Class Polyplacophora Chitins

Class Scaphopoda tusk shell

Subclass Opithistobranchia
Class Gastropoda Subclass Opithistobranchia Spanish Dancer (nudibranch) & egg mass

nudibranchs Nembrotha kubaryana

nudibranchs Chromodoris annae Halgerda batangas Cuthona sp.

Subclass Prosobranchia
Class Gastropoda Subclass Prosobranchia Cone shell Opihi Cowery Triton’s trumpet periwinkle

Class Bivalvia

Class Cephalopoda Squid

Class Cephalopoda

Class Cephalopoda Flamboyant cuttlefish

Class Cephalopoda nautilus

Class Cephalopoda octopus

Octopus Intelligence http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GQwJXvlTWDw
Start at 2 minutes

Mimic octopus from Indonesia
flatfish Sea snake lionfish

Coconut Dumbo Amphioctopus marginatus Vampire

Blue-ringed octopus Highly venomous
The brilliantly colored blue ringed octopus (Hapalochlaena lunulata) hunts using a venom so powerful it can kill a human Highly venomous

Phylum Arthropoda Insects, crabs, spiders, barnacles
Most species; 80% are insects Hard chitin exoskeleton (must shed to grow) Circulatory system with blood, heart 10,000,000? species

Class Crustacea Yellow spotted guard crab Hawaiian cleaner shrimp
Spiny lobster Anemone carrying hermit crab Banded coral shrimp

Echinoderms

Phylum Echinodermata Class Astroidae Class Ophiuroidae Class
Echinoidae Class Holothuroidae Sea stars Brittle stars Sea urchins Sea cucumbers Class Crinoidae Crinoids

Phylum Echinodermata No circulatory system No respiratory system
Excretion (N elimination) by diffusion Simple nervous system, no brain Water-vascular system

Phylum Echinodermata Water Vascular System
Tube feet & associated plumbing Used for walking, clinging to substrate & holding food

Class Echinoidea: sea urchins Echinothrix calamaris
Collector urchin Echinothrix calamaris Echinometra mathaei

Class Echinoidea: sea urchins
Diadema

Class Echinoidea: sea urchins
Slate pencil urchin

Class Echinoidea: sea urchins Colobocentrotus atratus

Class Holothuroidea: Sea Cucumbers
Polyplectana kerfersteninii Holothuria atra

Class Holothuroidea: Sea Cucumbers Pearlfish in seacucumber

Class Asteroidea: Sea Stars
Linckia sp. Pin cushion

Class Asteroidea: Sea Stars

Class Ophiuroidea: Brittle Stars
Ophiocoma erinaceus

Class Crinoidea: Feather Stars

Chordata

Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata Subphylum Cephalochordata
Vertebrata tunicates lancets Agnathans Fish Sharks tetrapods

Characteristics of Chordates

Subphylum Urochordata
tunicate

Tunicate Adult Anatomy

Class Larvacea - planktonic
Oikopleura

Class Larvacea - Gelatinous house, planktonic
Jelly-like house Oikopleura Marine snow

Class Thaliacea - Salps (free swimming), planktonic
Pyrosoma- bioluminescent Colonial salp

Class Ascidiacea - Sea Squirts

Subphylum Cephalochordata
lancet Strictly marine Live buried in sand with head sticking out Filter feeders

Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha hagfish lamprey

Agnatha (jawless fishes)
Lack: paired fins, scales, & well developed vertebrae Hagfish (slime eels) Mucus for protection Feed on decaying flesh Lampreys Parasitic Anadromous Marine adults, breed in freshwater

Subphylum Vertebrata Class Chondrichthyes Sharks, skates, rays,
chimera

Heterocercal tail Two dorsal fins Paired pectorals 5-7 gill slits
Chondrichthyes (cartilagenous fishes) Heterocercal tail Two dorsal fins Paired pectorals 5-7 gill slits ureoosmotic

Class Osteichthyes 680 species of fish in the islands' waters. About 30% of these fish are endemic to the area .

White mouthed morey Achilles tang trumpetfish Snowflake moray
Domino damsel Trigger (Humu) White mouthed morey Porcupine Dwarf moray Achilles tang trumpetfish Snowflake moray

Osteichthyes (bony fishes)
Swim bladder Operculum (gill cover) Homocercal tail Scales of bony origin Smooth cycloid Spiny ctenoid

Class Amphibia Mudpuppy (salamander) salamander newt Poison arrow frog
Rana cancrivora Coqui

Returns to water to breed Metamorphosis Some toxic
Class Amphibia Characteristics Cold blooded Returns to water to breed Metamorphosis Some toxic Estivation-dry and hot Hibernation- cold 3,500 species

Class Reptilia Marine iguana Saltwater crocodile Marine turtle
Sea snake

3 chambered heart (except crocks)
Class Reptilia Characteristics Cold blooded Have scales Amniotic egg Dry skin 3 chambered heart (except crocks) 6,500 species

Class Aves

Warm blooded Feathers and wings Hollow bones Horny bill
Class Aves Characteristics Warm blooded Feathers and wings Hollow bones Horny bill Lungs have air sacks Hard egg shell

Warm blooded Have fur or hair Suckle young 3 middle ear bones
Class Mammalia Characteristics Warm blooded Have fur or hair Suckle young 3 middle ear bones A Guide to characteristics of Class Mammalia The Class Mammalia is well represented in Southern Africa. There are 293 species of land mammals and 37 species of marine mammals in the Southern African subregion. That is 330 of the around 5000 mammal species found on Earth! Class Mammalia -- all mammals share three characteristics not found in other animals: 3 middle ear bones; hair; and the production of milk by modified sweat glands called mammary glands. Mammals hear sounds after they are transmitted from the outside world to their inner ears by a chain of three bones, the malleus, incus, and stapes. Two of these, the malleus and incus, are derived from bones involved in jaw articulation in most other vertebrates. Mammals have hair. Adults of some species lose most of their hair, but hair is present at least during some phase of the ontogeny of all species. Mammalian hair, made of a protein called keratin, serves at least four functions. First, it slows the exchange of heat with the environment (insulation). Second, specialized hairs (whiskers or "vibrissae") have a sensory function, letting the owner know when it is in contact with an object in its external environment. These hairs are often richly innervated and well-supplied with muscles that control their position. Third, through their color and pattern, hairs affect the appearance of a mammal. They may serve to camouflage, to announce the presence of especially good defense systems (for example, the conspicuous color pattern of a skunk is a warning to predators), or to communicate social information (for example, threats, such as the erect hair on the back of a wolf; sex, such as the different colors of male and female capuchin monkeys; presence of danger, such as the white underside of the tail of a whitetailed deer). Fourth, hair provides some protection, either simply by providing an additional protective layer (against abrasion or sunburn, for example) or by taking on the form of dangerous spines that deter predators (porcupines, spiny rats, others). Mammals feed their newborn young with milk, a substance rich in fats and protein that is produced by modified sweat glands called mammary glands. These glands, which take a variety of shapes, are usually located on the ventral surface of females along paths that run from the chest region to the groin. They vary in number from two (one right, one left, as in humans) to a dozen or more. Other characteristics found in most mammals include highly differentiated teeth; teeth are replaced just once during an individual's life (this condition is called diphyodonty, and the first set is called "milk teeth); a lower jaw made up of a single bone, the dentary; four-chambered hearts, a secondary palate separating air and food passages in the mouth; a muscular diaphragm separating thoracic and abdominal cavities; highly developed brain; endothermy and homeothermy; separate sexes with the sex of an embryo being determined by the presence of a Y or 2 X chromosomes; and internal fertilization. The Class Mammalia includes around 5000 species placed in 26 orders (systematists do not yet agree on the exact number or on how some orders are related to others). Mammals can be found in all continents and seas. In part because of their high metabolic rates (associated with homeothermy and endothermy), they often play an ecological role that seems disproportionately large compared to their numerical abundance. Subclass Prototheria - Not represented in southern Africa Order Monotremata -- Monotremes: platypus and echidnas Subclass Metatheria (marsupials) - Not represented in southern Africa Order Didelphimorphia Order Paucituberculata Order Microbiotheria Order Dasyuromorphia Order Peramelemorphia Order Notoryctemorphia Order Diprotodontia Subclass Eutheria (placentals) Order Insectivora -- Insectivores: shrews, moles, hedgehogs, tenrecs, etc. Order Macroscelidea -- elephant shrews Order Scandentia -- tree shrews Order Dermoptera -- colugos Order Chiroptera --bats Order Primates --primates Order Xenarthra -- edentates; sloths, armadillos and anteaters Order Pholidota -- pangolins Order Lagomorpha -- rabbits and pikas Order Rodentia -- rodents Order Cetacea -- whales, dolphins, and porpoises Order Carnivora -- carnivores Order Tubulidentata -- aardvark Order Proboscidea -- elephants Order Hyracoidea -- hyraxes Order Sirenia -- dugongs and manatees Order Perissodactyla -- horses, rhinos, tapirs Order Artiodactyla -- antelope, giraffe, camels, pigs, hippos, etc.

Protheria- echidna & platypus Metatheria- marsupial
Class Mammalia Subclasses Protheria- echidna & platypus Metatheria- marsupial Eutheria- true mammals A Guide to characteristics of Class Mammalia The Class Mammalia is well represented in Southern Africa. There are 293 species of land mammals and 37 species of marine mammals in the Southern African subregion. That is 330 of the around 5000 mammal species found on Earth! Class Mammalia -- all mammals share three characteristics not found in other animals: 3 middle ear bones; hair; and the production of milk by modified sweat glands called mammary glands. Mammals hear sounds after they are transmitted from the outside world to their inner ears by a chain of three bones, the malleus, incus, and stapes. Two of these, the malleus and incus, are derived from bones involved in jaw articulation in most other vertebrates. Mammals have hair. Adults of some species lose most of their hair, but hair is present at least during some phase of the ontogeny of all species. Mammalian hair, made of a protein called keratin, serves at least four functions. First, it slows the exchange of heat with the environment (insulation). Second, specialized hairs (whiskers or "vibrissae") have a sensory function, letting the owner know when it is in contact with an object in its external environment. These hairs are often richly innervated and well-supplied with muscles that control their position. Third, through their color and pattern, hairs affect the appearance of a mammal. They may serve to camouflage, to announce the presence of especially good defense systems (for example, the conspicuous color pattern of a skunk is a warning to predators), or to communicate social information (for example, threats, such as the erect hair on the back of a wolf; sex, such as the different colors of male and female capuchin monkeys; presence of danger, such as the white underside of the tail of a whitetailed deer). Fourth, hair provides some protection, either simply by providing an additional protective layer (against abrasion or sunburn, for example) or by taking on the form of dangerous spines that deter predators (porcupines, spiny rats, others). Mammals feed their newborn young with milk, a substance rich in fats and protein that is produced by modified sweat glands called mammary glands. These glands, which take a variety of shapes, are usually located on the ventral surface of females along paths that run from the chest region to the groin. They vary in number from two (one right, one left, as in humans) to a dozen or more. Other characteristics found in most mammals include highly differentiated teeth; teeth are replaced just once during an individual's life (this condition is called diphyodonty, and the first set is called "milk teeth); a lower jaw made up of a single bone, the dentary; four-chambered hearts, a secondary palate separating air and food passages in the mouth; a muscular diaphragm separating thoracic and abdominal cavities; highly developed brain; endothermy and homeothermy; separate sexes with the sex of an embryo being determined by the presence of a Y or 2 X chromosomes; and internal fertilization. The Class Mammalia includes around 5000 species placed in 26 orders (systematists do not yet agree on the exact number or on how some orders are related to others). Mammals can be found in all continents and seas. In part because of their high metabolic rates (associated with homeothermy and endothermy), they often play an ecological role that seems disproportionately large compared to their numerical abundance. Subclass Prototheria - Not represented in southern Africa Order Monotremata -- Monotremes: platypus and echidnas Subclass Metatheria (marsupials) - Not represented in southern Africa Order Didelphimorphia Order Paucituberculata Order Microbiotheria Order Dasyuromorphia Order Peramelemorphia Order Notoryctemorphia Order Diprotodontia Subclass Eutheria (placentals) Order Insectivora -- Insectivores: shrews, moles, hedgehogs, tenrecs, etc. Order Macroscelidea -- elephant shrews Order Scandentia -- tree shrews Order Dermoptera -- colugos Order Chiroptera --bats Order Primates --primates Order Xenarthra -- edentates; sloths, armadillos and anteaters Order Pholidota -- pangolins Order Lagomorpha -- rabbits and pikas Order Rodentia -- rodents Order Cetacea -- whales, dolphins, and porpoises Order Carnivora -- carnivores Order Tubulidentata -- aardvark Order Proboscidea -- elephants Order Hyracoidea -- hyraxes Order Sirenia -- dugongs and manatees Order Perissodactyla -- horses, rhinos, tapirs Order Artiodactyla -- antelope, giraffe, camels, pigs, hippos, etc.

Class Mammalia Whales & Dolphins Polar bear Sea otter Seals & sealions manatee Dugong

Inquiry 1. Which phylum has tube feet?
2. What are the three main parts of a mollusk? 3. Which class are corals found? 4. Is a owl wing and a butterfly wing a homologous or analogous trait? Why? 5. Define a species. 6. List the hierarchical system of classification, starting with the largest grouping.

Classification.

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