1. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 1 Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Alan Dennis and Barbara Haley Wixom John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Slides by Roberta M. Roth University of Northern Iowa

2. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 2 Reka bentuk Aturcara Bab 12

3. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 3 Definisi Utama Reka bentuk aturcara – mencipta arahan untuk pengaturcara Pendekatan atas-bawah, modular – bermula dengan “gambaran keseluruhan” dan beransur- ansur menambahkan butiran Dokumen reka bentuk aturcara – semua carta struktur dan spesifikasi yang diperlukan pengaturcara untuk melaksanakan sistem

4. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 4 CARTA STRUKTUR

5. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 5 Carta Struktur Teknik reka bentuk aturcara yang penting Menunjukkan semua komponen kod dalam format hirarki Jujukan Pilihan Ulangan

6. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 6 Contoh Carta Struktur

7. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 7 Elemen Carta Struktur 1.2 Calculate Current GPA Module 1.2 Calculate Current GPA Library Module Loop Conditional Line Control Couple Data Couple Off Page On page

8. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 8 Membina Carta Struktur Proses dalam RAD mewakili satu modul dalam carta struktur Proses afferent – memberi input kepada sistem Proses central – melaksanakan operasi kritikal sistem Proses efferent – mengendali output sistem Leveling RAD berkaitan hirarki carta struktur

9. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 9 Jenis Carta Struktur Struktur transaksi – modul kawalan panggil modul bawahan yang mengendalikan transaksi tertentu Banyak proses afferent Sedikit proses efferent Tahap carta struktur yang tinggi Gunakan input untuk hasilkan output baru

10. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 10 Struktur Transaksi

11. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 11 Jenis Carta Struktur Struktur Ubah –modul kawalan memanggil beberapa modul bawahan dalam jujukan Setiap modul bawahan melaksanakan langkah dalam proses yang mengubah input kepada output Sedikit proses afferent Banyak proses efferent Tahap rendah carta struktur Mengkordinasi pergerakan output

12. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 12 Struktur Ubah

13. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 13 Langkah-langkah Pembinaan Carta Struktur 1. Kenalpasti modul paras atas dan pecahkan ke modul paras bawah 2. Tambah sambungan kawalan 3. Tambah couple 4. Ubahsuai sehingga lengkap

14. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

15. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

16. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

17. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 17 Panduan Reka bentuk Carta struktur berkualiti tinggi menghasilkan aturcara yang modular, boleh digunakan semula dan mudah untuk diimplemen Ukuran menerusi: Cohesion Coupling Tahap fan-in dan fan-out

18. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 18 Jenis Cohesion Functional Sequential Communicational Procedural Temporal Logical Coincidental Apa contoh untuk setiap satu? Baik Buruk

19. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 19 Contoh Cohesion Rendah Logical Cohesion

20. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 20 Pokok Keputusan Cohesion Adapted from Page-Jones, 1980

21. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 21 Faktor Proses mengendalikan cohesion “rendah” Membahagikan tugas kepada modul berbeza Mengurangkan penggunaan control flags

22. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 22 Jenis Coupling Data Stamp Control Common Content Apa contoh untuk setiap satu? Baik Buruk

23. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 23 Giliran anda Apa akan terjadi kepada coupling apabila anda mencipta modul yang lebih cohesive? Apa akan terjadi kepada tahap cohesiven modul apabila anda merendahkan couplin antara modul?

24. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 24 Fan-in Fan-in tinggi dimahukan Menggalakkan penggunaan modul bawahan 1.1 Calculate Employee Salary 1.2 Print Employee Roster 1.3 Calculate Benefits 2.1.1 Read Employee Record 1.2 Print Employee Roster 1.1 Calculate Employee Salary 1.2 Print Employee Roster 1.3 Calculate Benefits 1.1.1 Read Employee Record 1.2.1 Read Employee Record 1.3.1 Read Employee Record Fan-in rendah tidak digalakkan

25. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 25 Senarai semak kualiti 1. Modul pustaka dicipta bila sesuai 2. Diagram mempunyai struktur fan-in yang tinggi 3. Modul kawalan mempunyai tidak lebih dari 7 modul bawahan 4. Setiap modul melaksanakan hanya satu fungsi (cohesion tinggi) 5. Modul tidak banyak berkongsi maklumat (coupling longgar) 6. Couple data yang dihantar digunakan oleh modul penerima 7. Couple kawalan dilalukan dari “bawah ke atas” 8. Setiap modul mempunyai amaun kod yang berpatutan

26. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 26 SPESIFIKASI ATURCARA

27. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 27 Kandungan Spesifikasi Aturcara Tiada pendekatan piawai Termasuk maklumat aturcara Catatkan peristiwa yang menyebabkan tindakan Senaraikan input dan output Termasuk pseudocode Komen dan nota tambahan

28. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 28 Borang Kandungan Spesifikasi

29. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 29 Contoh Pseudocode (Get CD-info module) Accept (CD_title) {Required} Accept (CD_artist) {Required} Accept (CD_category) {Required} Accept (CD_length) Return

30. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 30 Penerangan proses menerusi alat CASE

31. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

32. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 32 Ringkasan Carta struktu menunjukkan semua komponen fungsi yan gdiperlukan oleh aturcara pada paras tinggi. Komponen carta struktur menunjukkan urutan, pilihan dan ulangan Libatkan cohesion, coupling, dan fan-in/fan- out. Sediakan spesifikasi terperinci untuk pengaturcara termasuk pseudocode untuk menunjukkan struktur pengaturcaraan

33. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 33 Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the express written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for redistribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein.