1. Architecture David Culler University of California, Berkeley Intel Research Berkeley http://webs.cs.berkeley.edu

2. 11/14/2002NEC Arch Design Lineage COTS dust prototypes (Kris Pister et al.) weC Mote (30 produced) Rene Mote (850 produced) Dot (1000 produce) Mica node (current, 1800 produced) –Time warp accelerator for MICA Silicon prototype ?

3. 11/14/2002NEC Arch Node Communication Architecture Application Controller RF Transceiver Classic Protocol Processor Direct Device Control Hybrid Accelerator

4. 11/14/2002NEC Arch Novel Protocol Examples Low-power Listening Really Tight Application-level Time Synchronization Localization Wake-up MACs Self-organization

5. 11/14/2002NEC Arch Low-Power Listening Costs about as much to listen as to xmit, even when nothing is received Must turn radio off when there is nothing to hear. Time-slotting and rendezvous cost BW and Latency Can turn radio on/of in <1 bit  Small sub-msg recv sampling  Trade small, infrequent tx cost for freq. Rx savings

6. 11/14/2002NEC Arch Exposing Time Synchronization Up Many applications require correlated data sampling Distributed time sync accuracy bounded by ½ the variance in RTT. Successful radio transmission requires sub-bit synchronization  Provide accurate timestamping with msg delivery  Jitter < 0.1us (propagation) + 0.25 us (edge capture accuracy) + 0.625 us (clock synch)

7. 11/14/2002NEC Arch Localization Many applications need to derive physical placement from observations –Spatial sampling, proximity, context-awareness Radio is another sensor Sample baseband to estimate distance –Need a lot of statistical data –Calibration and multiple- observations are key Acoustic time-of-flight alternative –Requires good time synchronization Noise Error Noise Error

8. 11/14/2002NEC Arch New Architectures? Traditional approach is to partition design into specialized subsystems with rigid interfaces. TinyOS allows low and high-level processing to be interleaved. –rich physical information can be exposed –specialized hardware to accelerate primitives Enables cross-layer optimizations Typical Wireless Arch. (cellphone) Embedded Network Arch. RF Transceiver Protocol Processor Application Controller Codec DSP audiokbd / display RF Transceiver Multi-Purpose Controller CoProc Sensor / Actuators protocol accelerators rich physical interface narrow standardized intrerface

9. 11/14/2002NEC Arch First Silicon Goals Continue trend of building and evaluating Goal is to build something to get momentum Learn “economics of silicon” RF Accelerator designed as mica add-on Increase RF transmission speed and reliability while decreasing CPU involvement

10. 11/14/2002NEC Arch Capabilities RF Communication Support –Start Symbol Detection –Signal clock extraction and continual resynchronization –Transmission and reception buffering to relax CPU real-time constraints Energy Consumption –1 Mbps (> 100 uA) –Mote Requires approximately 3mA of CPU.

11. 11/14/2002NEC Arch “Mote Chip” Goals Replicate and extend the functionality of the MICA Decrease size of node to cubic millimeters Reduce cost to <$1 Include AVR-like* Core, ADC, RF Communication Support, UART, SPI, RAM, Radio, Timing modules Target shortcoming of COTS capabilities

12. 11/14/2002NEC Arch Silicon TinyOS Support

13. 11/14/2002NEC Arch Communication Interface Hardware provides ‘AM’ interface Same functionality originally implemented in hardware Hardware handles –Message send command with TOSMsgPtr Hardware signals –Message arrival event with TOSMsgPtr CPU communication overhead dropped from approx. 2MIPS down to 0.

14. 11/14/2002NEC Arch Mode Chip experimental setup Xilinx XCV2000E 2.5 million gates – 10x the size of an AVR core Also has… –Ethernet –A/V Encoder –Compact Flash –Internal and External RAM

15. 11/14/2002NEC Arch First Prototype IO Pads RAM blocks MMU logic Debug logic ADC CPU Core RF Place Holder 2mm Core Area only 50% full…

16. 11/14/2002NEC Arch Chip Area Breakdown 3K RAM = 1.5 mm 2 CPU Core = 1mm 2 RF COMM stack =.5mm 2 RADIO =.25 mm 2 ADC 1/64 mm 2 I/O PADS

17. 11/14/2002NEC Arch Core Area Breakdown

18. 11/14/2002NEC Arch External Components Required Current Prototype –2 External clock generators –1 External radio –Power source End Goal –1 External Inductor (RF oscillation) –1 External Crystal (time keeping) –Power source

19. 11/14/2002NEC Arch Example: monitoring and alarm Monitoring –sample every 4 seconds, aggregate over 5 minutes, transmit statistical summary »~20,000 samples, ~300 reports per day per node –aggregate statistics up the routing tree –schedule rendezvous, so radio mostly off Alarm –upon detection of dramatic environmental change –routes alarm through parent at any time Where the energy goes –sleeping –sensing & processing –communication –listening for communication to start –listening for an alarm message

20. 11/14/2002NEC Arch Cross-Layer optimization Sensing & Processing –15 mw17 mJ per day Sleeping –45 uw5038 mJ per day Communination –hardware accelerators for edge capture and serialization –10 kbps => 50 kbps2262 => 452 mJ/day5x Rendezvous: 2x time-synchronization* –time-stamp packets: +- 100 ms –radio bit edge detection: +- 2 us –radio-level timesynch669 => 33 mj/day20x Wake-up –packet listen: 108 ms (21 ms)54,000 => 25 mj/day2000x –sample radio channel for energy: 50 us Combined: 2AA lifetime grows from 1 year to 9 years –dominated by sleep energy * receiver-based alternative (Elison)

21. 11/14/2002NEC Arch What integration buys... 3K RAM = 1.5 mm 2 CPU Core = 1mm 2 RF COMM stack =.5mm 2 RADIO =.25 mm 2 ADC 1/64 mm 2 I/O PADS Expected sleep: 1 uW –400+ years on AA 4 Mhz < 1 mW Radio: –.5mm2, -90dBm receive sensitivity –1 mW power at 100Kbps ADC: –20 pJ/sample –10 Ksamps/second =.2 uW. mmu Proc RAM Radio (tbd) ADC