1. Hector simulation We found simulation largely depending on: Model initialization scheme Lateral boundary conditions Physical processes represented in the model

2. Hector simulation – 06.02.2006 case WRF initial conditions 1km resolution WRF domain WRF lateral boundary conditions

4. 16 th November 2005 – single `cell’

5. 16 th November 2005

6. 30 th November 2005 – multi-cell

7. 30 th November 2005

8. 10 th February 2006 –squall -like

9. 10 th February 2006

10. 10 th February T, w

11. 6 th February 2006 - weak

12. 6 th February

13. 6 th February 2006

14. Hector simulation – 06.02.2006 case Radar observedWRF simulated Precipitation

15. Hector simulation – 06.02.2006 case Observed and simulated radar reflectivity along the W-E cross section of Hector Observed Simulated

16. Hector simulation – 06.02.2006 case Observed (red) and simulated (green) surface latent and sensible heat flux Over the sea Over the land

17. Hector simulation – 06.02.2006 case Dornier observed (red) and WRF simulated (green) low level variables Temperature Relative humidity U wind component V wind component

18. Hector simulation – 06.02.2006 case Egret observed (red) and WRF simulated (green) high level variables Temperature U wind component V wind component

19. Hector simulation – 06.02.2006 case Simulated aerosol effect ? Simulated total rain water Time

20. Hector simulation – 06.02.2006 case Simulated aerosol effect ? Simulated total cloud water Time

21. Hector simulation – 06.02.2006 case Simulated aerosol effect ? Simulated total cloud ice Time

22. Hector simulation – 06.02.2006 case Simulated aerosol effect ? Simulated total snow water Time

23. Summary Two modes of simulation Two modes of simulation –OF – doesn’t work too well in generality –DA – gives good agreement for a lot of cases, but the statistics show too low cloud fraction. Aerosol effects are present for the 6 th February case. Aerosol effects are present for the 6 th February case. –Need more simulations of different cases to see how robust this is.