1. (not visible on the picture)
A new prototype
of super buncher for RI
~ 100 % efficiency
No energy dispersion
Beta- beam facility
(not visible on the picture)
Valve as rapid as possible
CW input of RI

2. ECR technique for RIB production
1 – « Slow ionization »
Low density / long confinement / slow rising time /
1+ ionization / charge breeding / bunching / high efficiency
2 – « Rapid ionization » 
Higher density / shorter confinement / faster rising time
High current / short pulsed development
3 – « Super bunching and ionization efficiency » 
With very high density plasma,
is an « ECR-Duoplasmatron » possible ?

3. Ion production of gaseous element To pump To beam
or metallic ion inside a very high temperature cavity
To pump
i.e. defined by the
conductance of
the extraction hole
Dominant if
ioni >> ext
Atoms diffusion in
molecular regime
recycling 1+
To beam
i.e. defined by the
« ionic pumping »
of the plasma
Dominant if
ioni  ext
plasma
Ionization and diffusion
in a magnetized plasma
Target
Ion source

4. Ionization time and mean free path of ionization
vTi
ne< ioni ve >
ioni
Fext  1-3 mm A+
Ti = 1/10 eV  VTi = cm/s A°
ne , Te
Te = 50 eV  VTe = cm/s
ioni  cm (from 0+ to Ar+)
 some cm
< ioni ve >  10-7 cm3/s
7 cm at ne  1011 cm-3  2.45 GHz
10 µs
ioni =
tioni =
0.7 cm at ne  1012 cm-3  10 GHz
1 µs
0.07 cm at ne  1013 cm-3  28 GHz
0.1 µs
100 % efficiency and rapid ionization only if ioni < Fext so ne >  1013 e/cm-3

5. 1+ ionization of ions with ECR ion source
From Fredrik Wenander, Jacques Lettry, Nicolas Chritin, Ermanno Barbero, W. Pirkl, ISOLDE, CERN and G. Gaubert, P. Jardin, R. Leroy, et al., GANIL, Caen
GANIL / ISOLDE MONOECRIS 1+
2.45 GHz
GANIL / Picogan 10 GHz
the smallest ECRIS : L, F  3 cm
 release (50%)
He ~ 20% 20 ms
Ne ~ 35 % 30 ms
Ar ~ 95% 40 ms
Kr ~ 95% 40 ms
 ( Ar ) ~ 70%

6. ECR Charge breeding for  CW operation
Direct injection of atoms
(gaseous ions only)
simple confinement
GANIL Nanogan /SPIRAL
hNe1+ ® Ne6+  10 %
trelease  tens of ms
Direct injection of 1+ beams
(gaseous or metallic ions)
sophisticated confinement
PHOENIX – ISN/SSI
n+ Faraday Cup
Double Einzel
lens
1+ Faraday Cup
1+ spectrometer
hNe1+ ® Ne6+  10 %
trelease  tens of ms
PHOENIX Booster
n+ spectrometer
Vertical pulsation
Release : i .e. recycling +
magnetic trapping
1+ source

7. ECRIT charge breeding and bunching
From : T. Lamy et al., Institut des Sciences Nucléaires UJF-IN2P3-CNRS, Grenoble, France
R.F. Power
Rb1+ Injection
Rbn+ Extracted
tH.F.
OFF ON t
tinj
Standard Values :
 t H.F.  300 ms to 2 s
 t inj  20 ms to t H.F.
 t  0 to 1.5 s
h1+®15+ = 2.2 % (Rb ions)
i.e. half of the CW
1 - Efficiency measurement of afterglow process
2 - Promizing results for ms and more, bunches of metallic ions
3 - Afterglow time difficult to control

8. Very short confinement (some µs) Very poor gas efficiency
CERN duoplasmatron for H+ production
the perfect time structure for the synchrotrons mA µs
Very good time structure
Very short confinement (some µs)
Very poor gas efficiency

9. PHOENIX 28 GHz : high current extraction (Xenon)
From : T. Thuillier et al., Institut des Sciences Nucléaires UJF-IN2P3-CNRS, Grenoble, France
35 mm Faraday Cup
Xe17+ beam
3D field map of the
90° Bending magnet
Xe18+ beam
10.4 emA (Xe emA)
3D field map of the
solenoid
12.5 emA (IFC1)
3D source extraction field
and magnetic fringe field
of the source
15 emA (IHV)

10. PHOENIX 28 GHz : high current extraction (Lead)
From : T. Thuillier et al., Institut des Sciences Nucléaires UJF-IN2P3-CNRS, Grenoble, France
10 emA total current
(preliminary)
300 µs pulse
Shorter and higher afterglow
than with ECR GHz CERN
 7 ( 10 ?)

11. 28 GHz experiment at grenoble ISN/SSI
From : T. Thuillier et al., Institut des Sciences Nucléaires UJF-IN2P3-CNRS, Grenoble, France
1 – Proof of the high frequency / high density effect
2 – Emittance and efficiency to be measured
3 - Afterglow shorter but always difficult to control (0.3-1 ms)
28 GHz /10 KW
PHOENIX 28 GHz
The new (and stable) 28 GHz /10 KW
ISN gyrotron from GYCOM Inc.
(Nizhny Novgorod , Russia)
5 µs shutdown of
the full power

12. SMIS 37.5 GHz with optical coupling
for very high intensity pulsed current
From : S.V. Golubev, D.A. Mansfeld, S.V. Razin, V.A. Skalyga, A.V. Vodopyanov, V.G. Zorin, Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia, R. Geller, T. Lamy, P. Sortais, T. Thuillier Institut des Sciences Nucléaires UJF-IN2P3-CNRS, Grenoble, France
Optical coupling of the UHF power :
up to 100 KW / 1 ms each 20 s
Very simple
magnetic system

13. SMIS 37.5 GHz very high current density production
From : S.V. Golubev, D.A. Mansfeld, S.V. Razin, V.A. Skalyga, A.V. Vodopyanov, V.G. Zorin, Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia, R. Geller, T. Lamy, P. Sortais, T. Thuillier Institut des Sciences Nucléaires UJF-IN2P3-CNRS, Grenoble, France
Rising time  100 µs
30 emA / F 3 mm total current
mAe/cm2
1013 part. during 100 µs
with Multi Charged Ions
To be done : beam matching (100 KV duoplasmatron extractor)
efficiency measurement with pulsed valve
upgrade to 60 or 90 GHz with pulsed or SC coils possible

14. 60-90 GHz « ECR Duoplasmatron » for gaseous RIB
1 – To bunch the gas in short time
~ > 20 µs
2 – To ionize (>1+) with a time smaller than the effusion time
ne  1014 e/cm  60 GHz ECR discharge
+ strong axial magnetic field during the discharge (  2T)
3 – To deliver a beam with a repetition rate compatible
with the lifetime of the ions

15. 60-90 GHz « ECR Duoplasmatron » for gaseous RIB
2.0 – 3.0 T pulsed coils
or SC coils
Very high density
magnetized plasma
ne ~ 1014 cm-3
Very small plasma
chamber F ~ 20 mm / L ~ 5 cm
Target
Arbitrary distance
if gas
Rapid pulsed valve
1-3 mm
100 KV
extraction
60-90 GHz / KW
10 –200 µs /  = 6-3 mm
optical axial coupling
UHF window
or « glass » chamber (?)
20 – 100 µs
20 – 200 mA
1012 to 1013 ions per bunch
with high efficiency
optical radial coupling
(if gas only)

16. PHOENIX 28 GHz : afterglow control with Lead
Pb 25+,24+,23+,22+
Pb 16+
Pb 14+
a.u.
O4+
O3+
O2+ C+ N+ O+
UHF pulse
10 ms
“pre – glow” bunch correlated with presure drop
Ionic pumping during some hundreds of µs
0 ms

17. Simplification of the injection system
New RFQ
LINAC 3
PSB

18. Rapid ionization of RIB : future prospects
1 – ECRIS can supply either efficiency or pulsed currents
ECRIS must supply efficiency AND pulsed currents
2 – 28 GHz / 10 KW preliminary tests could be done at ISN
3 – Possible extension to RIB of condensable elements and upgrade of the other metallic ion stable beams (Pb)
next step of PHOENIX development
4 – Never start an heavy ion project without a strong preliminary ion source development program !