1. http://www.planet-noe.org European Network of Excellence in AI Planning 24 October 2003PLANET Bilbao I-day1 Potential Applicability of Intelligent P&S in Production & Logistics Prof. dr. Tim Grant Atos Origin Nederland / University of Pretoria, RSA Tim.Grant@atosorigin.com / tgrant@cs.up.ac.za

2. 24 October 2003PLANET Bilbao I-day2 Overview Goal: –To identify industrial sectors & activities that can benefit from intelligent planning & scheduling Structure: –Introduction –What is IP&S –Industrial sectors & activities –IP&S features & benefits –Key case studies in production & logistics –IP&S products & services

3. 24 October 2003PLANET Bilbao I-day3 Introducing myself Qualifications: –BSc Aeronautical Engineering, Univ. Bristol, UK –Chartered Engineer, UK –PhD Artificial Intelligence, Univ. Maastricht, NL Experience: –1966-87: Royal Air Force officer UK & Singapore: Aircraft maintenance & logistics –1987-date: Principal Consultant, Atos Origin NL: Aerospace, defence, motorway traffic control –2001-date: Professor Extraordinary, Univ. Pretoria RSA: Advanced ICT in Planning & Control

4. 24 October 2003PLANET Bilbao I-day4 Introducing Atos Origin Atos Origin: –Leading European IT services supplier: 28K staff worldwide (50K from 1 Jan 04) 50% Dutch (Origin), 50% French (Atos) Financially stable –Technical Automation (TA) business unit: Co-creating next-generation of intelligent, software- intensive systems & products together with our clients In Utrecht (NL): –Aerospace, Defence, Road & Rail Traffic, Telecoms In Veldhoven (NL): –Consumer & industrial electronics, Semiconductors, Medical equipment, Document processing http://www.atosorigin.com\

5. 24 October 2003PLANET Bilbao I-day5 Introducing University of Pretoria University of Pretoria (“Tukkies”): –Front-rank South African university –Computer Science: Java,.NET, AI Swarm intelligence Information & computer security Risk management My research interests: –Decentralised planning & control –Generation of Standard Operating Procedures –Mixed-initiative, collaborative planning –Dynamic risk management http://www.cs.up.ac.za\

6. 24 October 2003PLANET Bilbao I-day6 What is IP&S (1) Requirements Need Design Specification Production Design Usage Products Decommission Obsolete products Planning & Scheduling Monitoring & Control Schedule Current state & past experience Machining Raw materialsProduct Sensor dataInstructions

7. 24 October 2003PLANET Bilbao I-day7 What is IP&S (2) Transportation & logistics Planning & Scheduling Monitoring & Control Schedule Current state & past experience Loading, driving & unloading Package at APackage at B Sensor dataInstructions

8. 24 October 2003PLANET Bilbao I-day8 What is IP&S (3) Planning & Scheduling Monitoring & Control Schedule Current state & past experience Action Initial stateGoal state Sensor dataInstructions Goals / objectives + domain model Domain Domain knowledge (in human planner’s head) Generalising:

9. 24 October 2003PLANET Bilbao I-day9 What is IP&S (4) Term: Domain Action Changing domain Planning Defining valid action-sequence Scheduling Allocate resources & time to actions Example: Factory / fleet of trucks Machining / loading & driving Changes product / truck Constructing recipe / route Make plan (action-sequence) for machining / driving Resource allocation Allocate machines & times / trucks+drivers & times

10. 24 October 2003PLANET Bilbao I-day10 Industrial sectors & activities (1) Potential industrial sectors: –Industry: Construction & civil engineering Capital & household goods Automotive, rail, shipping Aerospace Machine tools & equipment –Logistics & transportation –Utilities (electricity, water, gas) –Telecommunications –Agriculture –Finance & banking –Medical –Other services

11. 24 October 2003PLANET Bilbao I-day11 Industrial sectors & activities (2) Potential activities: –In complex processes: Wherever there are human planners: –Industrial »E.g. production, logistics, & transportation –Military & emergency services »Police, fire-fighting, ambulance –In products with autonomous capabilities: Lifts / elevators Driverless trains Spacecraft Unmanned air vehicles Mobile robots

12. 24 October 2003PLANET Bilbao I-day12 IP&S features & benefits (1) Planning & Scheduling Monitoring & Control ScheduleInput Output Current state & past experience Current methods: Schedule PlanningScheduling Action-sequence Supported by products (eg ARTEMIS, MS-Project) Based on PERT / CPA algorithms (1950s technology) Slow & inflexible Done manually (+ office software) No tools Very time-consuming & inflexible IP&S methods: Schedule PlanningScheduling Action-sequence Supported by products (eg ILOG Scheduler) Based on CSP algorithms (1990s technology) Fast & flexible Supported by tools (eg PRODIGY) Based on 1990s/2000s technology Fast & flexible

13. 24 October 2003PLANET Bilbao I-day13 IP&S features & benefits (2) Why planners have grey hair: Common-sense knowledge Domain knowledge (on factory floor or in control room) P&S knowledge Age (years) 20 10 30 40

14. 24 October 2003PLANET Bilbao I-day14 IP&S features & benefits (3) Where does benefit come from? –Capturing knowledge in planner’s head –Applying it to support human planner: Automate boring routine problems Free human planner to work on difficult problems: –Where creativity & ingenuity needed Remind human planner of domain constraints: –So human planner avoids errors Conventional software: –Either “hard-codes” industry-specific knowledge: Inflexible & very expensive (limited market) –Or unable to capture or apply domain knowledge: Cheaper, but cannot give intelligent support

15. 24 October 2003PLANET Bilbao I-day15 IP&S features & benefits (4) IP&S approach: –Capture, apply & maintain domain knowledge: Knowledge engineering tool Can be interfaced to related software, e.g. CADCAM N.B. Significant effort needed = the price you pay for the gains in the planning & scheduling processes –Planning: Provide support for human planner: –“Mixed-initiative” planning tool –1990s/2000s technology –Scheduling: Replace 1950s algorithm with 1990s technology: –CSP-based scheduling tool / engine

16. 24 October 2003PLANET Bilbao I-day16 IP&S features & benefits (5) Expected benefits: –Planning: Increased productivity of human planner Better quality plans: –Makes “what-if” possible –More consistent plans –Scheduling: Faster scheduling process: –Runs inside production cycle –Less idle time & overtime Better-quality schedules: –More “what-if” within same time –More robust schedules

17. 24 October 2003PLANET Bilbao I-day17 Key case studies (1) Production (1): –Aircraft assembly: 570 tasks, 17 resources Conventional method: –ARTEMIS –20 hours to generate schedule IP&S method: –Replace ARTEMIS by CSP –30 mins to generate optimum schedule –10 to 15% shorter makespan Saving: –4 to 6 days floor-time per aircraft –US$ 0.2 to 1 million per day

18. 24 October 2003PLANET Bilbao I-day18 Key case studies (2) Production (2): –Submarine construction: 1.4 million tasks per boat Conventional method: –ARTEMIS –6 weeks to generate schedule –Highly non-uniform profiles IP&S method: –Replace ARTEMIS by CSP –1 day to generate schedule –More uniform profiles Savings: –30% reduction in overtime & sub-contracting

19. 24 October 2003PLANET Bilbao I-day19 Key case studies (2) Logistics: –Military build-up to 1991 Gulf War: Conventional method: –Hundreds of human planners –Months to generate plans/schedules IP&S method: –Aid planners with O-PLAN2 Savings: –Faster logistics build-up –Fewer airlift missions –Financial pay-back >> all US Government AI research: »From 1956 »Not just IP&S research – all AI research

20. 24 October 2003PLANET Bilbao I-day20 IP&S products & services (1) List of European products on following slides: –Commercial vs. academic products –Planning vs. scheduling products Sources: –PLANET & UK PlanSIG web-sites Conclusions: –No commercial planning product –Schedulers: Twice as many commercial as academic –Academic focus: More than twice as many planners as schedulers

21. 24 October 2003PLANET Bilbao I-day21 IP&S products & services (2) Product CHIP V5 ILOG Solver ILOG Scheduler CPLEX Evolver/Blue Kaizen - optimisation iBundler iAuctionMaker Constraint optimisation toolkit XpressMP – optimization suite Electrical power generation INORDA - APS for production JOBWISE - APS for manpower Supplier Cosytec (FR) ILOG (FR) MASA (FR) iSOCO (E) BT (UK) Dash Optimization (UK/US) Power Optimisation (UK) Workplace Systems (UK) Commercial scheduling products (1):

22. 24 October 2003PLANET Bilbao I-day22 IP&S products & services (3) Product HARMONY – shift scheduling PEARL SHORTREC – routing & scheduling ModelEnterprise – plant design SERVICEPower scheduler Timetabling software Scheduling software DAYSY – flight scheduling Prescient5 – production scheduling TASKFORCE – workforce scheduler Ximes PDC Staffplan Supplier ORTEC (NL/US) Process Systems Enterprise (UK) ServicePower (UK) Lantiv (?) COMSEC (?) SEMA Group (UK/FR) Prescient (?) APSolve (UK) XIMES (AU) PDC (DK) Commercial scheduling products (2):

23. 24 October 2003PLANET Bilbao I-day23 IP&S products & services (4) Product ChariTime – dynamic appointment ConBATT – timetabling INTERDIP – nurse scheduling WISPRO CSP-Lab & CS-Lib PAVE – patient scheduling ECOPT – vehicle & crew scheduling LiSA – scheduling algorithms TOSCA – factory scheduling (job-shop) Supplier U. Humboldt (GE) U. Munich (GE) GMD First (GE) U. Strathclyde (UK) Demokritos (GR) Erasmus (?) U. Magdeburg (GE) U. Edinburgh (UK) Academic scheduling products:

24. 24 October 2003PLANET Bilbao I-day24 IP&S products & services (5) Product IxTET IPP Fast-Forward GRT & MO-GRT DDPLAN Model-Based Planner (MBP) Prodigy IMPLAN MACHINE – manufacturing TRP-Planner – temporal planning MIME – mixed-initiative modeller & planner University/Institute LAAS-CNRS (FR) U. Freiburg (GE) UoM (GR) U. Perugia (IT) IRST (IT) UC3M (E) U. Humboldt (GE) UGR (E) U. Piraeus (GR) Mid Sweden U. (SE) Academic planning products (1):

25. 24 October 2003PLANET Bilbao I-day25 IP&S products & services (6) Product STAN TIM – domain analysis tool O-PLAN PLANFORM – planning environment GIPO CAPplan INT-OP – operating procedure synthesis MACTA – planning for interacting robots Plan 95 – distributed planner CHARADE – interactive planning I-Rescue –disaster relief planning University/Institute U. Durham (UK) U. Edinburgh (UK) U. Huddersfield (UK) U. Kaiserlautern (GE) U. Salford (UK) U. Uppsala (SE) U. UGR (E) U. Edinburgh (UK) Academic planning products (2):