1. Stanford - SSRL: J. Lüning W. Schlotter H. C. Siegmann Y. Acremann...students Berlin - BESSY: S. Eisebitt M. Lörgen O. Hellwig W. Eberhardt Probing Magnetization Dynamics with Soft X-Rays Joachim Stöhr Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Collaborators: Berkeley - ALS: A. Scholl magnetization dynamics

2. Ultrafast Today Lasers X-rays

3. Present: Pump/Probe Experiments Can produce various pump pulses: heat electrons (photon pulse) kick magnetization (field pulse) heat lattice (pressure pulse) Process has to be reversible: Not enough intensity for single shot experiments x-ray probe pulse after  laser pump pulse sample …over and over…

4. Non-Equilibrium Magnetization Dynamics transfer of energy and angular momentum Optical excitation Magnetic field (Oersted switching) Spin injection (Spin-torque switching) Pressure Science: Mechanisms of energy and angular momentum transfer Technology: How fast can we switch reliably? Electrons Lattice Spin ss  el = 1 ps  es  sl = 100 ps  e < 0.1ps  l = 1 ps

5. Optical excitation: Ni metal E. Baurepaire, J. C. Merle, A. Daunois, and J. Y. Bigot PRL 76,4250 (1996) MOKE: pump-probe

6. spin moments, orbital moments nanoscale resolution But – need sub- 50-ps time resolution: streak camera, slicing, XFELs Optical excitation studies benefit from x-ray probe

7. Magnetic Excitation - Today: Imaging of Nanoscale Magnetization Dynamics Pump / probe requires reversibility of excitation process - not enough intensity to obtain single shot images Cannot presently study irreversible processes: this would require single shot pictures

8. Magnetic Patterns in 20 nm Co 90 Fe 10 films on waveguide 3m3m M x-ray "spin" Field pulse S.-B. Choe, Y. Acremann, A. Scholl, A. Bauer, A. Doran, J. Stöhr, H.A. Padmore, Science 304, 430 (2004)

9. Nanaoscale Magnetization Dynamics - Smaller and Faster

10. STXM image of device STXM image of spin injection structure 1. Cu lead delivers current to device 2.Pt lead guides current to bottom of spin injection pillar 3. Current flows through pillar, switching second ferromagnet 4. Current extracted through second Cu lead Challenge is nanoscale sample production – pillar diameter is < 100 nm

11. Why are irreversible or random processes important? 2. Science: Equilibrium magnetization dynamics at Curie temperature Critical magnetizattion fluctuations are random Reversible processes are required for technology but Irreversible processes determine technological limit ! Two examples: 1.Technology: Such studies require single snapshot images !

12. Technology: Exploring the ultimate speed of magnetic recording Relativity allows packing 10 10 electrons into “bunch” → Ultra-short and high field pulses (up to 5 T) Tudosa et al. Nature 428, 831 (2004) 100 fs – 10 ps In R&D labs we can only produce 100 ps pulses – things still work fine Unique method for faster switching

14. The Ultimate Speed of Magnetic Switching t pulse = 3 pst pulse = 100 fs Deterministic switchingChaotic switching Under ultrafast excitation the magnetization fractures ! 90  m Tudosa et al. Nature 428, 831 (2004) and unpublished

15. Science: Equilibrium Magnetization Dynamics critical fluctuations Magnetization Temperature TcTc Size of spin blocks? Fluctuation time? ?

16. Toward femtosecond magnetic motion pictures …..

17. not enough intensity – need to repeat over and over

19. Lensless Imaging by Coherent X-Ray Scattering or “Speckle“ Challenge: Inversion from reciprocal to real space image Eisebitt et al. (BESSY) coherent x-rays 5  m With present sources it takes minutes to take an image

20. Transmission X-ray Microscopy Reconstruction from Speckle Intensities  5  m (different areas) Loss of x-ray phase complicates image reconstruction In principle: phase problem can be solved by “oversampling” speckle image

21. Toward single-shot imaging: soft x-ray spectro-holography S. Eisebitt, J. Lüning, W. F. Schlotter, M. Lörgen, O. Hellwig, W. Eberhardt, J. Stöhr, Nature (in press) coherent x-ray beam

22. Digital Image Reconstruction Difference (RCP – LCP) FFT (Difference) Convolution theorem applied to diffraction: FT(diffraction) = Autocorrelation (Object) saturated lin. scale

23. FT HologramSTXM W. F. Schlotter Y. Acremann Reference hole  100 nm * W B * * Is it real? Resolution 30 - 40 nm

24. Motion pictures with multiple pulses beam splitter Pulse 1 Pulse 2 XFEL delay - change of optical path length mirror CCD 1 CCD 2 sample Present detectors not fast enough for multiple images beam splitter Pulse 1 Pulse 2 XFEL mirror CCD 1 CCD 2 sample

25. For more, see: http://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/stohr/index.htm and J. Stöhr and H. C. Siegmann Magnetism: From Fundamentals to Nanoscale Dynamics Springer 2005 (to be published)

26. Lake Tahoe, April 2004

27. The end